Within process or manufacturing industries, the production of goods and services or the products themselves may have negative side effects such as pollution. An important task for environmental policy is to control and limit these pollutions, for example via regulatory measures. Although, the efficiency of such measures vary greatly between different industries and an increasingly important task for environmental policy is then to encourage companies to engage in environmentally motivated innovation. Governments can utilize other measures than regulation to indirectly decrease pollution. This thesis aims to analyze such activities and how it affects the innovativeness of wastewater treatment, refrigeration and automobile manufacturing industries.

Denna uppsats behandlar kommunal samverkan. En kommunal verksamhet, räddningstjänsten, har valts för att undersöka om statistiskt går att fastställa om samverkan mellan kommuner påverkar kostnaden och kvalitén i verksamheten. Genom att definiera och analysera kostnads och kvalitetsvariabler för räddningstjänsten undersöks om det finns skillnader mellan tre olika sätt att organisera den kommunala räddningstjänsten. De tre organisationsformerna speglar tre sätt att förhålla sig till samverkan. Den första gruppen av kommuner är de som valt ett offentligträttsligt samarbete såsom kommunalförbund eller gemensam nämnd.

Today there is a keen competition between regions in the world for companies and inhabitants in order to improve regional development and economic growth. In many regions there is an active effort to create a good home base for companies and inhabitants. Since 2003 municipalities in nine counties in Sweden have come together in co-operative agencies in order to work towards more efficient regional development.This essay focuses on the relation between the state and the co-operative agencies in the regional development policy and which possibilities the state gives the co-operative agencies to pursue an efficient regional development policy, both legally and financially. I have researched and analysed this through models and ideas on how the state governs the administration and through the translation theory. The result of my study is that the co-operative agencies have a relatively large amount of freedom to make there own priorities, but the ability to act efficiently within regional development is limited..

Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur enhetscheferna i Enköpings kommun arbetar kommunikativt. Genom en enkätundersökning får enhetscheferna redogöra för sitt arbete och sin uppfattning om hur deras kommunikativa arbete i den kommunala organisationen fungerar. Resultatet analyseras med hjälp av kommunala policydokument och aktuell forskning inom kommunikationsområdet.Enkätundersökningen visar att enhetscheferna känner osäkerhet i hur de ska följa kommunens kommunikationspolicy. De önskar bättre kunskap om befintligt kommunikationsstöd och de rätta kommunikationskanalerna och mer tid till att sortera och förmedla information. .

This bachelor essay studies families that have migrated from countries in Europe to Sweden,and their experiences of adapting to new conditions of the Swedish welfare state. Theirexperiences are studied firstly from an institutional point of view, which refers to the family?s experience of adapting family life to Swedish family social policy. Secondly it focuses how the families experience new norms and values connected to Swedish family social policy. The main aim is to seek what problems families migrating to Sweden might be confronted with when adapting to new conditions of the welfare state.

This thesis explores how the concept of ?legal corruption? manifests itself within the European Investment Bank with a modern approach to the theoretical understanding of anticorruption efforts. This approach conceptualises the idea of complementing theories based on contextual applicability rather than focusing on their competing qualities. The European Investment Bank (EIB), as the world?s largest multilateral lender, is an underexplored yet vital organ of the European Union, which has recently faced criticism for its alleged lack of transparency and dubious application of policy.

The purpose of this study is to examine the changes in law and other types of politicialregulation regarding unauthorized absence during the reformation of the Swedish schoolsystem in 2010. How was this ?new? approach on unauthorized absence established; whatmade it possible and which view on ?unauthorized absence? does it implicate? The study hasa discourse analytic approach in which it examines central policy documents regarding thetopic of inquiry. The study has found that the alliance-government?s education policy onunauthorized absence is pervaded by one hegemonic discourse termed the mono-culturaldisciplinary discourse.

Enligt lagen om Kommunal energiplanering måste samtliga Sveriges kommuner ha en aktuell energiplan som beskriver kommunens planer för tillförsel, distribution och användning av energi inom kommunen. Många av kommunerna har problem med att skapa ett aktivt arbete med energifrågorna inom kommunen, utifrån energiplanen. Syftet med denna uppsats är att a) genom intervjustudie beskriva hur tre kommuner arbetar med kommunal energiplanering som ett verktyg för ett aktivt arbete med energifrågorna inom kommunen, b) utifrån Leavitts systemmodell skapa en ökad förståelse för vilka centrala komponenter, såväl statiska som dynamiska, som ligger till grund för kommunernas förändringsarbete samt vilket fokus detta arbete har inom kommunerna. Studien genomfördes med hjälp av gruppintervjuer med representanter från de tre utvalda kommunerna; Lidköping, Borås och Trollhättan. Representanterna från de valda kommunerna berättade om deras arbete med energifrågor utifrån tre utgångspunkter; synen på kommunal energiplanering, arbetsprocessen och framgångs/motivationsfaktorer.

ABSTRACTThis thesis focuses on the OPEC oil crisis of 1973 and its impact on the Scandinavian countries of Sweden and Denmark. Starting from Walter Carlsnaes theory of energy vulnerability, the concepts of vulnerability and national security are tested on the selected cases and an array of policy alternatives are assessed. Posited available options like oil stockpiling, conservation, renewable energy and international coordination are evaluated as means for ameliorating the vulnerability of the nations. The theory chosen is further expounded with a consensus element to reinforce its explanatory power. The thesis utilizes a wide range of material from parliamentary records to daily newspapers in an attempt to shed some light on the interplay between economics and politics.Sweden and Denmark evince diverging developments despite their common starting point with exceptionally high oil dependencies and can be located on different ends of the energy policy gamut.

Den kommunala revisionen har inrättats för att fungera som ett kommunaldemokratiskt kontrollinstrument. Kontrollen görs på uppdrag av kommunfullmäktige och ytterst för kommunmedborgarna. Den kommunala revisionen utförs av förtroendevalda revisorer och de biträds av sakkunnig personal från privata revisionsbyråer. Syftet med den kommunala revisionen är att granska och bedöma hur nämnder, fullmäktigeberedningar och enskilda förtroendevalda följer fullmäktiges mål, beslut och politiska intentioner. Det är vidare de förtroendevalda revisorerna som ska föreslå fullmäktige om ansvarfrihet ska beviljas eller inte.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the level of the uniform way of interpretation from the Swedish asylum officers at the Swedish Migration Board, of asylum investigations for asylum seekers who claim sexual orientation as reason of refuge. The interviews with the officers were analyzed in relation to the policy document with investigation- guidelines and methodology.The results of the study showed that there was a uniform way to conduct asylum investigations and interpret the policy document, this despite that the document was found to be ambiguous in certain aspects. The uniform interpretation of the asylum officers was explained by the knowledge and understanding that exists within institutional organizations. This because the asylum officers at the Swedish Migration Board might have similar experience, knowledge and also the demands related to asylum investigations.The uniform interpretation demonstrated a strong similar common understanding of investigative work within the agency. This suggests a certainty that the investigations are carried out in a similar way regardless of which asylum officer within the institution conducting the investigation which indicates a well-functioning ?rule of law? for the asylum seekers. .

I rapporten undersöks vad tjänsteorientering kan bidra med vid utveckling av kommunal verksamhet. Syftet med rapporten är att undersöka hur tjänstekataloger kan användas för att i kommunal miljö underlätta arbetet med att utveckla verksamheten och i förlängningen skapa e-tjänster riktade mot medborgare.Genom att utgå från tjänsteteori, litteratur om kommunal verksamhet och e-government samt teori kring interaktion skapas en grund att stå på gällande tjänsteorientering inom kommunal verksamhet. En hypotes byggs upp och jämförs sedan med resultatet av en intervjuserie.En analys av de resultat som redovisats visar att alla de kommuner som medverkade redan idag i någon utsträckning arbetar tjänsteorienterat. Analysen visar även att både litteraturstudien och intervjuserien pekar på att tjänsteorientering kan bidra med struktur till arbetet med e-government inom kommunal verksamhet.Slutligen sammanställs en modell för kommunala e-tjänster baserad på tjänsteteori och den kommunala verksamhetens egenheter. En samling egenskaper för dels tjänster och dels e-tjänster presenteras även för att visa på vilka behov som finns.

The purpose of my study is to study Social Democrats immigration policy over the period 1990 and 2013. My material consists of party programs and motions that social democracy has raised in Parliament. As a research method I used McGee´s ideograph theory. I use a cluster analysis inspired by Kenneth Burke to analyze the meaning of those found ideographs. I also present and use Bitzers rhetorical situation in my analyzeWith help of Burke´s rhetorical situation I could see how the Social Democrats' rhetorical approach to immigration policy in the different periods in society.My investigation of the Social Democratic Party program and motions / propositions revealed the following ideographs: Democracy, solidarity, equality and freedom.

The purpose of this study is to describe children?s life issues. What kind ofquestions they have aboutlife, their thoughts about life. Another purpose of this study is to see the differences in how children?s thoughts about life have changed through the years.

AbstractDoes Geography Matter? A Study of the Bologna Process from a Policy Transfer Perspective.Essay in Political Science (D-level) at Karlstad?s University by Beatrice Högå, Spring 2007Tutor: Susan MartonThe purpose of this essay is to generally see how theories of policy transfer can help us to better understand the process through which the Bologna Process is being spread throughout Europe, and to specially see if geographic placement, i.e. in the heart of Europe, plays a role in how well and how fast the Bologna Process is implemented.To be able to answer the purpose, I have used Evans and Davies theoretical model on policy transfer network to describe the Bologna Process. Furthermore, Sweden and France are the countries being examined when they differ on the independent variable. From there, I have applied an analytical tool, namely process tracing, to examine whether there are differences in the two countries? work with the implementation of the Bologna Process.I have designed six specific research questions:Have France performed more extensive work than Sweden when it comes to implement the two-cycle system?Have France performed this work earlier?Have France performed more extensive work than Sweden when it comes to recognize awards and periods of study?Have France performed this work earlier?Have France performed more extensive work than Sweden when it comes to quality assurance?Have France performed this work earlier?After applying the analytical tool to be able to answers these research questions, the answer to the general question Does geographic placement, i.e.