Voltage sag indices are a way of quantifying the performance of the power supply, as far as voltage sags are concerned. Indices can be defined for individual events, for individual sites, and for a whole system. A standard method for single-event methods is part of IEC standard 61000-4-30.This thesis emphasizes the importance of voltage sag indices and different methods for calculating three-phase voltage sag characteristics. Three-phase events measured in a medium network voltage over period of one month were analyzed, results examined and statistically evaluated. An algorithm for calculating voltage sag characteristics and indices was created in Matlab.

Intensivvårdsmiljön innebär att patienter är i en utsatt situation där integritet och avskildhet kan bli åsidosatt. Därtill behandlas de med potenta sederande och analgetiska läkemedel som i sin tur ger ogynnsamma effekter. Det är därför av vikt att sträva efter att så låga doser som möjligt administreras. Syftet med studien var att undersöka om det fanns någon skillnad i förbrukning av analgetiska och sedativa läkemedel mellan patienter som vårdats på en specialdesignad intensivvårdssal och patienter som vårdats på en ordinär intensivvårdssal på ett medelstort sjukhus i Västsverige. I studien ingick 149 patienter som vårdadats på en specialdesignad intensivvårdssal eller en ordinär intensivvårdssal.

The study which has been made is a qualitative observational study where play forms and participation of adults were observed in two preschools. The word play is defined in the study with an ?as-if? ?nature based on Knutsdotters definition which differs play and activities from each other. The observed play form has been analyzed according to the concept of imitation and imagination play. To get a complete base of the study a few children on some occasions drew what they played or would like to play.Through photographs of these drawings and how the children described and explained what they drew a connection could be made with the children?s play forms.

The first company to send TV-commercial was the American company NBC, it was in the year of 1941. In Sweden, TV-commercials were first shown in 1987/88. TV 4 was the first channel to send commercial in Swedish television.TV has the advantage of showing both sound and picture, which makes TV the strongest channel of communication to mediate a message between a company and the consumer. Although TV-commercial is the most expensive choice to mediate a message, it is also the most effective one. (Persson, 1993)Almost everyone is exposed to TV-commercial daily.

Among researchers it has been established since decades that humans and animals have an internal biological clock that controls certain physiological mechanisms. One example regarding humans is the impairment of lung function during the night, causing the phenomenon ?nocturnal asthma? among asthmatics. Only a few studies concerning respiratory circadian rhythm in horses have been done previously and they showed a daily variation in horses with a chronic or an acute respiratory disease. The technique used in those studies was the conventional technique, which is invasive and less sensitive than the technique used in this study.

This is the final documentation of the basis that can be the foundation of how to solve theproblem with leaking hydraulic oil in a shoe press at the company Albany InternationalAB in Halmstad, Sweden.The project has been performed at Halmstad University as a degree project commissionedby Albany International AB. The purpose of the degree project was to find a way ofdetecting the hydraulic leak of a shoe press. The reason is that the shoe press runsunattended during nights and weekends, this can cause an extensive decontaminationwork and production stop if leak. The hydraulic oil could be leaking in large amounts orslowly as a fine mist. The development of a working system that can detect a hydraulicoil leak and stop the machine before a large amount of hydraulic oil leaks out wouldconsiderably reduce the cost of the decontamination work.

This thesis describes new methods for automatic crack detection in pavements. Cracks in pavements can be used as an early indication for the need of reparation.Automatic crack detection is preferable compared to manual inventory; the repeatability can be better, the inventory can be done at a higher speed and can be done without interruption of the traffic.The automatic and semi-automatic crack detection systems that exist today use Image Analysis methods. There are today powerful methods available in the area of Computer Vision. These methods work in higher dimensions with greater complexity and generate measures of local signal properties, while Image Analyses methods for crack detection use morphological operations on binary images.Methods for digitalizing video data on VHS-cassettes and stitching images from nearby frames have been developed.Four methods for crack detection have been evaluated, and two of them have been used to form a crack detection and classification program implemented in the calculation program Matlab.One image set was used during the implementation and another image set was used for validation. The crack detection system did perform correct detection on 99.2 percent when analysing the images which were used during implementation.

The purpose of this bachelor degree thesis is to analyze technical issues associated with an implementation of a low sloping trash rack with narrow spacing. A hydropower plant in Umea?lven was used as a case study. The basis for the study was a model where trash racks were dimensioned for inclinations between 25 and 45 degrees. Corresponding head loss, durability and water speed through the rack were then determined for each inclination.

Swedish and international research indicate that many measures made by social services, concerning children and adolescents who are taken from their homes to an institution, are interrupted prematurely for different reasons. The word "breakdown" is used when a measure granted by the social service is broken before the projected time has passed. Research concerning how social service employees are influenced by measures being interrupted prematurely is very limited. The aim of this qualitative study is to examine how social service employees in Malmö are influenced by the premature interruption, "breakdown", of measures concerning children and adolescents who are taken from their homes to an institution. The theoretic basis for the study is Symbolic interactionism, especially the theory of Stefan Morén concerning conditions for change.The study is based on interviews with social employees, relevant material from research in this field and an examination of the theoretical basis.

The aim: was to describe and compare a group of experts and critical care nurses' agreement in detecting delirium in intubated, ventilator treated patients with sedation / analgesia, before and after an in house training intervention with the instrument Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU).Method: A quasi-experimental study, one group pretest - posttest design. A convenience sample of 17 critical care nurses in a general intensive care unit included. To detect delirium the instrument CAM-ICU was used, 21 paired tests before and 22 after an educational intervention.Main Results: The results showed that after an in house training intervention sensitivity and kappa coefficient improved of the characteristic 1 "acute onset and fluctuating course," an improvement that was significant. In other features, and overall values were signs of numerical improvement and deterioration in sensitivity, specificity and kappa coefficient but no significant change.Conclusion: Implementing a new instrument for detecting delirium in clinical practice requires education and follow-up. A small sample of critical care nurses with varying ability to use the new instrument and the fact that patients' status may change rapidly making it difficult to draw any conclusions from this study.

Både över- och undersedering kan öka riskerna för både morbiditet och mortalitet. Genom att ge rätt sederingsnivå till patienterna kan intensivvårdssjuksköterskor medverka till ett snabbare tillfrisknande och mindre vårdrelaterade komplikationer. Sedering är en viktig del i vården av respiratorpatienter och kräver stor kunskap hos intensivvårdssjuksköterskor. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur intensivvårdssjuksköterskor upplevde omvårdnaden kring lätt sederade intensivvårdspatienter under respiratorbehandling. Uppsatsen är en kvalitativ studie och datainsamling genomfördes med hjälp av intervjuer med sex intensivvårdssjuksköterskor på en intensivvårdsavdelning i Västra Sverige.

Since product placement is a relatively new phenomenon in Swedish television, there is a lack of research on what attitudes Swedish TV-viewers hold towards it. This is where our paper will contribute to the research. The purpose of this reserachpaper is to describe and analyze what attitude Swedish TV-viewers has towards product placement. Kim Schröders multidimensional model of mass media reception were used, which is a developed model from Stuart Hall?s ?encoding/decoding? one-dimensional model.

Inledning: Sömn är ett vanligt problem hos äldre patienter på sjukhus och äldreboenden.  Brist på sömn leder till ökad risk att drabbas av stroke och hjärt-kärlsjukdom samt att det ger en negativ påverkan på rehabilitering. Sömnläkemedel är idag den främsta behandlingen mot sömnproblem, vilka ger biverkningar som exempelvis sedation dagtid, yrsel, talsvårigheter och mardrömmar.   Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att sammanställa vetenskapliga artiklar om vilka icke-farmakologiska åtgärder mot sömnproblem som sjuksköterskan kan tillämpa i sin profession för att främja sömnen hos äldre patienter. Metod: En litteraturstudie där originalartiklar söktes i databaserna PubMed, Medline och Cinahl varav 16 originalartiklar granskades och sammanställdes. Resultat: Resultatet i denna litteraturstudie visar att det finns icke-farmakologiska åtgärder för att förbättra sömnen. Dessa är akupunktur, nya rutiner samt kognitiv beteendeterapi. Förbättringarna som kan ses efter utförda icke-farmakologiska åtgärder är bland annat kortare insomningstid, ökad sömnduration, färre uppvaknanden och bättre sömn. Patienterna beskriver en förbättrad upplevelse av den egna sömnen efter tillämpning av dessa åtgärder. Slutsats: Resultatet i denna litteraturstudie visar att det finns olika beprövade icke-farmakologiska åtgärder vilka har en positiv effekt på sömnen.

Bakgrund: Patienter som ventilatorvårdas på intensivvårdsavdelning behöver ofta någon form av lätt sömn (sedering) för att tolerera endotrachealtuben och ventilatorbehandling. De traditionella intravenösa läkemedel som ges har lång halveringstid och det är stor risk för kvardröjande effekter. Syfte: Denna pilotstudie syftar till att studera sederingsdjupet enligt MAAS hos de patienter som blivit sederade med inhalationsgas, kontrollera vakenhetsgraden enligt GCS hos dessa patienter efter avslutad sedering, samt beskriva vilka patientgrupperna är som fått inhalationssedering. Metod: Journalgranskning där resultatet har analyserats och kategoriserats, därefter har en sambandsanalys gjorts. Resultat: I resultatet identifierades 3 patientkategorier som fått isofluransedering: patienter med hotad luftväg som förväntats behöva kort sederingstid och snabb väckning, patienter som var svåra att sedera optimalt med intravenös metod samt patienter med organsvikt där risk för ackumulation och/ eller förlängd elimination av läkemedel förelåg.

Bakrund: Fast track-kirurgi är ett alltmer vanligt förekommande arbetssätt inom hjärtkirurgi. Tidigare studier har påvisat att en tidig extubation har medfört en vinst i patientens rehabili-teringsprocess samt bidragit till kortare vårdtider och sänkta sjukvårdskostnader. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att kartlägga och redovisa graden av smärta och konfusion efter extubation hos patienter som genomgått hjärtkirurgi. Metod: Material inhämtades genom en fortlöpande journalgranskning. Pilotstudien granskade patientjournaler samt övervakningsjournaler i realtid.