Rabies kan delas in i två former, en paralytisk och en furiös form. Immunförsvaret spelar med största sannolikhet en roll vid paralytisk form hos mus, genom till exempel T-lymfocyter, och skador ses i både CNS och PNS. Hur dessa T-celler verkar är dock fortfarande oklart, men det har visats att ett intakt immunförsvar ger den paralytiska formen hos mus. Vid avsaknad av paralys hos mus, står antagligen viruset för de främsta skadorna, som finns i hjärnan, men immunsuppression bidrar också.Hos människa visar studier tvetydiga resultat. Skador har setts både i CNS och PNS vid paralytisk form medan man vid furiös form har sett skador enbart i CNS.

The fundamental freedoms and human rights is something the countries, and its citizens, of theEuropean Union more or less take for granted. However, in recent years these rights have become atopic of discussion in the way that a debate about the Islamic headscarves has developed. Thisdebate has resulted in that a number of countries, including France, have taken legislative measuresto ban clothing that fully covers ones face. Out of these bans a discussion has arisen concerning thefundamental freedoms and human rights. These burqa bans, as it is labeled in the pubic debate, havebeen accused to wrongfully limit the individuals freedoms and human rights.This study therefore has the aim to analyze these burqa bans in relation to the European Union,United Nations and the Council of Europe?s general declarations concerning the fundamentalfreedoms and basic human rights.The main result of this study shows that these bans in fact is not a proportionally restrict in thefundamental freedoms and human rights.

In today?s archaeology there?s a growing need for non-invasive prospection methods. However there?s a methodological gap and what?s missing is a method for locating human bones. In this study a specially trained German shepherd is put through scientific tests determining how good the dog is at telling the different between the scent of human and animal bones.

In this essay dog as a compatible model were put against human. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes were compared between dogs, human, cat and mouse. To evaluate dog as a model and study similarities and differences was the aim with this review. Dog as a model contributes to understand mechanisms behind autoimmune diseases and showed clearly histological similarities between human and dogs concerning the skin disease mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP)/cicatricial pemphgioid (CP). Further genetic evidence motivated the choice of using dog as a comprehensive model when the MHC-complex correlated with hypothyroiditis in Doberman dog as it does in human. Physiological similarities with low levels of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) together with high level of thyroid releasing hormone (TSH) were found in the same way as in human.

Hemagglutinin är ett transmembranprotein som finns i membranet hos influensaviruset. Detta protein avgör virusets infektiösa förmåga. För att förstå influensaviruset bättre och kunna hitta nya detektionsmetoder för aktiva influensavirus krävs en första framrening av proteinet. Målet med denna studie är därför att överlämna ett protokoll till beställaren med fullständig process på hur hemagglutinin kan renas fram från aktiva virus.Resultatet har erhållits genom en omfattande litteraturstudie där information har samlats från skriftliga och elektroniska källor, samt via intervjuer med sakkunniga forskare.Processen att rena fram hemagglutinin börjar med kultivering av virus i cellinjen MDCK följt av virusisolering med hjälp av centrifugering. Virusmembranet löses sedan upp och det membranbundna hemagglutininet solubiliseras.

The aim of this essay is to discuss the meaning of the human and its possible overcoming in Friedrich Nietzsche?s doctrine of the eternal recurrence of the same, with Martin Heidegger?s readings of Nietzsche as point of departure.According to Heidegger, Nietzsche?s doctrine of the eternal recurrence of the same represents the end of occidental metaphysical thinking. The thought concludes a thinking of being as the presence of beings, where the original question of being was never developed out of its own ground.But at the heart of this interpretation, often considered ?violent?, lies the question of whether man is able to think being out of his finitude. This is the question I will unfold, through a reading of Nietzsche?s thought of the eternal recurrence of the same, as it is presented in his Thus spoke Zarathustra, as an attempt to think beings in their being beyond a ?humanization? of them, expressed in transcendental aims, purposes and categories.

Denna rapport beskriver de behov vilka ligger tillgrund för att skapa en IT-säkerhetsdatabas. Rapporten tar även upp olika IT-säkerhetsproblem och för en diskussion om vad som är faran med dessa problem. Diskussionen förs inom två områden rörande IT-säkerhet.Det ena området är om IT-säkerhet i allmänhet och tar upp begreppet CIA. CIA står för de engelska begreppen Confidentiality, Integrity och Availability och på svenska, sekretess, integritet och tillgänglighet.Den andra delen handlar om lite mer specifika IT-säkerhetsproblem, som till exempel virus och sniffing.På uppdrag av FOI är en databas, vilken är avsedd för att lagra information rörande IT-säkerhet, skapad. Rapporten tar upp en del grundläggande databasteori och beskriver designen och implementationen av databasen.

Hepatit B är en virusinfektion som orsaks av Hepatit B virus (HBV). Hos de flesta människor orsakar detta virus inte några större problem men hos cirka 5-10% av de drabbade utvecklas en kronisk form som kan vara allvarlig. Detta beror på att vid den kroniska formen finns det en risk att levercirrhos och hepatocellulärt carcinom utvecklas. Idag finns det effektiv men ej botande behandling mot kronisk hepatit B. Målen vid behandlingen av kronisk hepatit B är att minimera risken för utveckling av cirrhos, leversvikt och hepatocellulärt carcinom, vilket görs genom inhibering av HBV virusreplikation.

In this thesis we will discuss the importance of human resource development in smaller companies and if it will change from when the Swedish economy was in an economic boom and later on came to be in a recession. We choose to use a more qualitative approach for this research in order to conduct a more in-depth study of five smaller sized companies located on Gotland, Sweden. In order to limit our research we had as an ambition to answer these following questions:? What obstacles are there when it comes to human resource development and knowledge transference within smaller sized companies?? What can simplify or enable human resource development and knowledge transference within smaller sized companies?? Does the teaching process change to a more tacit human resource development between co-workers when there is less room for conventional human resource development?The result of the research came to show that the biggest barrier, when it comes to competence development within smaller companies, is time. However, our research also showed that a majority of the companies has changed from a more external educational plan to a more internal educational plan which focuses on keeping the human resource development within the company.

With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the 9/11 attacks, the landscape of the freedom of religion has changed. The issues now facing freedom of religion varies greatly from the issues that the drafters of the universal declaration of human rights faced after World War II.In the light of the new issues that States face in the intersection of religion and societal interest, scholars have criticized the European Court of Human Rights to give too much leeway to the States in determining how the human rights should be implemented, by using the doctrine of margin of appreciation. Critics of the margin of appreciation claim that it is based on culture relativism and that the doctrine undermines the universality of the human rights. In order to decide if the margin of appreciation has indeed led to a relativization of the human rights I compared it to the jurisprudence of the UN Human Rights Committee and its use of the Syracusa principles. My conclusion is that the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights cannot be considered to be based on culture relativism.

Purpose:The purpose of this study is to improve the knowledge regarding how entrepreneurial companies act and behave in relation to human capital, by studying their decision-making process for human capital investments. Furthermore this study shall enrich the understandings for how their way of handling human capital investments might change over time along with the development, growth and aging of the company.Methodology:For this case study the authors have chosen a qualitative approach. The authors have collected the empirical data by interviewing the CEO?s of six different entrepreneurial companies. To be able to process and analyze the empirical data the authors have used various theoretical frameworks and also previous studies.Theoretical framework:The theoretical framework brings up human capital and its importance, but also its role in the entrepreneurial company.

It is the aim of this paper to examine, and analyze at a discursive level, the Swedish Democrats' interpretation of the term 'human rights', as this is presented in the material available on the party's official website. The goal is then to investigate in what manner the party portrays its political ambitions in relation to 'human rights'. The theoretical foundation for this analysis is discourse theory as it is presented in the works of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe.Furthermore, the aim is also to examine whether the Swedish Democrats? interpretation of 'human rights' is compatible with the established understanding of the term, such as this is presented in the international UN treaties on human rights. This will be done by thoroughly examining and comparing certain aspects of the Swedish Democrats' political ambitions, such as they have been portrayed in the analytical section of the paper, with relevant sections of the UN treaties..

The thesis ?Vi fixar och trixar oss fram till att hjälpa människor? focuses on social work in the field of prostitution and human trafficking in Sweden. Through semi-structured interviews with social workers in the municipalities of Stockholm, Göteborg and Malmö working with persons selling and buying sex, and through discourse analysis, the author analyses the perceptions among these social workers of the relation between human rights, prostitution and human trafficking, and the social work which they conduct.The thesis concludes that although the social workers perceive prostitution and human trafficking and social work in this field as human rights related, they are not explicitly using a human rights based approach in their work.The thesis concludes that the social workers identify several aspects that infringe on the rights of their clients in relation to the human rights principles of Universality, Non-discrimination, Accountability and Rule of law and the principle of Participation and Inclusion. They portray the human rights situation of street based sellers, especially those not being Swedish citizens and those affected by human trafficking, as severe.The thesis concludes that the social workers find several obstacles (legal as well as structural) that diminish their ability to strengthen their clients? human rights situation.

West Nile virus (WNV) är ett zoonotiskt agens och anses idag vara ett av de mest utspridda arbovirusen i världen. Det ger influensa liknande symptom på människa, häst och flera andra djurslag. Den allvarliga formen av West Nile feber kan leda till hjärnhinneinflammation. Fåglar är reservoar för viruset. Hästar är extra mottagliga för WNV och viruset har högre affinitet för Centrala nervsystemet (CNS) hos häst än människa. Det är främst neuronen i mellanhjärnan, rhombencephalon (bakre delen av hjärnan) och ryggmärgen som påverkas och detta kan bland annat leda till ataxi och paralys av extremiteter.

The Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) causes bronchiolitis and interstitial pneumonia, predominantly in calves, and is a major cause of bovine respiratory disease worldwide. In humans, BRSV is paralleled by the closely related Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV), an important cause of respiratory disease, most severe in infants.The clinical signs and pathology during RSV infection is caused, not only by the direct effects of viral replication, but also by the response of the host immune system. The immunopathology of RSV has long obfuscated our understanding of the disease, and development of effective treatment and vaccines will be very difficult until greater knowledge is gained.One of the components of the immune system that has come into focus in RSV research the last few years, is the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). The TLR4 receptor is well known as the receptor that binds lipopolysaccaride (LPS), and initiates the host response to bacterial infection. Recently, it has been shown that the fusion protein of RSV also interacts with, and up-regulates the expression of, the TLR4 receptor.