To establish good Horse welfare there are several factors that need to be considered. One important factor is the environment in which the Horses are kept. In Sweden Horses are stabled during long periods of time in the cold season and consequently the stable environment is even more important. The most essential environmental factors in a Horse stable are ambient temperature, relative humidity (RH) and concentrations of contaminants in the stable air. The air in a Horse stable contains dust, noxious gases, moulds and microorganisms which all can contribute to developing respiratory diseases in Horses.

During an endurance riding competition the onset of metabolic disorders leading up to elimination from the race are common. As many as 8,7 % of the Horses participating in international endurance riding competitions are eliminated due to metabolic causes such as tachycardia, absence of borborygmi, hyperthermia and dehydration. To prevent the onset of metabolic disorders in the Horse the rider must be able to determine the physiological and physical status of his or her Horse. This requires good knowledge in nutrition, physiology and performance training. The risk of developing metabolic problems is reduced through the right feeding management and training.

Syftet med denna studie är att skapa en ökad förståelse för hur Kinas aktiemarknad ser ut, genom att i huvudsak analysera landets största börs Shanghai Stock Exchange. En analys av marknaden har gjorts där vi studerat asymmetrisk information på Kinas aktiemarknad och studerat ifall det påverkar marknadseffektiviteten..

Today we keep our Horses in a way that is easy for us humans but may not always be the most optimal way for the Horse. Often the housing of the Horse prevents the Horse from performing behaviours that they have natural needs to perform. It is not unusual that animals that can not adapt to their environment develop abnormal behaviours. Many of our stabled Horses therefore develop some kind of stereotypic behaviour. This study was made in purpose of comparing the behaviour of a weaving Horse to two non-weaving Horses under similar conditions, where one of the Horses was stabled next to the weaving Horse and the other Horse was stabled further away in the same stable. Seven weaving Horses were included in the study.

The last years trends of increasing globalisation and the decreasing importance of the nationstate has led to rising flows of travellers and information throughout the globe. This has affected the competition between destinations; they are now competing in a global market. The importance of placemarketing and representing a place identity, is today essential to attract customers from around the world. The purpose of this essay was to examine how Iceland as a place is represented through the photographs in Horse tourism. The research questions asked were: How is the Icelandic landscape represented in photographs? How is people and Horses represented in the landscape? And how can the Horse be analysed as a part of the Icelandic landscape? The method used for research was image-analysis, a qualitative approach where Horse tourism-websites and photographs on these websites were strategically selected.

Botulism is a serious disease with high mortality that can affect Horses. Due to this about 20-30 percent of the Horses in Sweden are vaccinated against botulism. The purpose of this study was to see how common botulism is in the Swedish Horse population and to se if a connection between feeding with haylage and botulism could be seen. In addition to this, the study aimed to find how common vaccination against botulism is among Swedish Horses and on what grounds the diagnosis botulism is made. Medical records of Horses being diagnosed with botulism at all the major large animal hospitals in Sweden between 1995-2005 were searched. In addition to this the database where general practitioners report their cases as well as the cases with botulism reported to the insurance companies were included. The results of this study show that only 0,03 percent of the Swedish Horse population has been diagnosed with botulism during the time period this study covers. In all the cases included in this study the diagnosis was made based on clinical signs and in none of the cases verification by isolating the toxin was possible. In all cases where forage is noted in the journals the Horse has been feed haylage which indicate that there is a connection between the use of haylage and botulism. Three Horses died despite being partially vaccinated against botulism type B which indicate that a correct vaccination has to be done before the Horse get any protection or that the correct diagnosis was not botulism type B..

Proliferative enteropathy (PE) caused by Lawsonia intracellularis has been reported in Horses in the USA, Canada, Australia and Great Britain. Diarrhoea caused by Brachyspira antigen-containing spirochaetes has been diagnosed in a Horse in Japan. The presence of Lawsonia intracellularis or Brachyspira spp. have neither been investigated in healthy nor in sick Horses in Sweden. The purpose of this study was to survey the occurrence of the two bacteria in Swedish Horses. Faecal samples were gathered from 108 foals without any clinical signs of illness in the age of four to eight months.

Mechanization of Swedish agriculture started in the beginning of the twentieth century, to be able to have more animals without raising the number of employers. The Horse business has not by far kept up with these cost savings solutions. Cleaning out stables and feeding Horses are the most time-consuming tasks in Horse stables today. The most common way to clean out the stable is still by shovel and wheelbarrow. The clean out process can easily be mechanized through semi- permanently beds with movable walls between the boxes so that the litter can be removed by a tractor or a loader.

There is a need for correct and adequate pain assessment in Horses. Methadone is used in pain management in Horses but the full pharmacokinetic picture of methadone is not yet known. The aim of this pilot study was to develop a behaviour protocol and suggest a reliable recording method for use in a larger research project with an aim to potentially correlate behaviours to concentration of methadone in blood. In this study two coldblooded trotters were given methadone intravenously with doses of 0.1 mg/kg for Horse 1 and 0.2 mg/kg for Horse 2. The Horses were videotaped pre and post methadone administration.

Lameness localized to the hoof is a common problem in Horses. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a diagnostic tool is becoming more common and is well suited for examination of the distal limb and the hoof capsule. Today there are two different methods of MRI where in one the Horse is under general anesthesia and in the other the Horse is standing and only sedated. In this study we have compared the visualization of the distal interphalangeal joint using these two methods in two different groups of Horses with unknown clinical problems referred to two different equine hospitals. The width of the joint structures including thickness of joint cartilage and joint fluid and also the width of the dorsal pouch of the distal interphalangeal joint were measured.

The discovered Horse meat scandal has had great impact in the media and given many question marks as to how consumers should be facing meat labels. In the survey made lead consumers to ask themselves, whether they think about their consumption of reliable markings discovered at a risk and, if they have changed their consumption habits since discovered Horse meat scandal. The survey was carried out in a grocery store in Karlstad city central, where the results show consistent numbers. People do not like change, and in this case, do not like to change their consumption patterns. The same patterns of consumption before and after the Horse meat scandal reflects the results but with only three respondents exception.

Horse owner?s knowledge about Horse feeding and nutrition is directly linked to the Horse?s health and welfare. According to several studies, both Swedish and foreign, Horse owners generally have inadequate knowledge about Horse feeding. The housing systems and feeding routines of today differs in many ways from what Horses have adapted to through evolution. Wild Horses live in harem herds and roam on large open fields, spending about 60 % of the day grazing, mainly grass and herbs.

The Horse is a homeothermic animal and to keep a constant body temperature in winter season is important. Acclimatisation is to provide means for a good thermal insulation consisting of skin, hair, and an outer air layer. The skin covers the Horses body and it is composed of three main layers where the top layer of the epidermis consists of dead keratinized cells that are constantly being sheed. The dermis is composed of collagen connective tissue that give the skin its strength. The bottom layer with subcutaneous fat provides a thermal insulation and can be used as an energy reserve in cold weather.

The digital flexor tendon sheath (DFTS) is an important anatomical and functional structure in the Horse. Disorders of the DFTS can result in devastating consequences for the Horse. During the last decade, the possibilities to diagnose and treat disorders of the DFTS have been argumented. The main purpose of this paper is to describe the technique of tenoscopy and it's applications. The aim is also to review the anatomy of the fetlock canal, the differnet types of tenosynovitis, proximal annular ligament constriction and to describe the ultrasonographic examination of the DFTS..

The Horse was domesticated about 6000 years ago. Since then humans have used the Horse for different purposes, such as work force and in sports. Horses are social, group living animals that spend around 16-17 hours a day on grazing. Horses are often kept stabled in single boxes with a limited feeding time. The forage usually contains grain-based concentrates and roughage.