The failure of Structural Adjustment Programs and its neoliberal policies to effectively reduce poverty have led to the creation of Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) by The World Bank and International Monetary Fund. PRSP, connected to both the Comprehensive Development Strategy and the HIPC initiative, are built on the notion of national ownership and stakeholder participation and thereby expand potential conditionality to include matters of governance. This thesis examines the evolution of PRSP and how the process of participation affects national governance structures. By analyzing the role of rules and norms within the World Bank and IMF from a historical point of view the thesis explains why the participation process has developed the way it has. It concludes that neoliberal norms, still at heart within the World Bank and IMF, have an impact on the process of participation within nation states and thereby its governance structure.

Integration policies have failed to make diversity into anything more than occupying the same physical space. People of different cultural background still do not share their lives to any real extent. Attempts made within planning and landscape architecture to catalyst the integration process have mainly been focused on structural measures, such as residential policies. As for outdoor environments, non-verbal casual encounters in the shape of crossing paths are assumed to lie at the heart of urban social integration.The aim of the thesis is to question this assumption and, as the thesis will show, there is literature supporting this aim. Looking at the works of Gordon Allport, Lewis Coser and some of their followers, I find intercultural contact to require more complex ways of interaction in order to reduce prejudice and to generate tolerance and understanding.

För många närstående förändras livet radikalt när  en anhörig diagnostiseras med hjärtsvikt. Att leva med hjärtsvikt är som att "knacka på dödens dörr och aldrig veta vad som är att vänta av morgondagen". Att stanna hemma och vårda en en anhörig under palliativ fas innebär stora påfrestningar i närståendes liv. Syfte: Att belysa närståendes upplevelser när anhörig med hjärtsvikt vårdas palliativt i hemmet. Metod: Studien utfördes som en allmän litteraturstudie.

Integration policies have failed to make diversity into anything more than occupying the same physical space. People of different cultural background still do not share their lives to any real extent. Attempts made within planning and landscape architecture to catalyst the integration process have mainly been focused on structural measures, such as residential policies. As for outdoor environments, non-verbal casual encounters in the shape of crossing paths are assumed to lie at the heart of urban social integration.The aim of the thesis is to question this assumption and, as the thesis will show, there is literature supporting this aim. Looking at the works of Gordon Allport, Lewis Coser and some of their followers, I find intercultural contact to require more complex ways of interaction in order to reduce prejudice and to generate tolerance and understanding.

Staphylococcus aureus is the most clinically important Staphylococcus species and is associated with high mortality in patients with positive blood cultures. S. aureus bacteria may cause a variety of disease manifestations ranging from minor skin infections to life-threatening conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome (TSS) and sepsis. This microorganism belonging to the gram positive cocci may also be part of the normal flora. In Sweden, penicillinase-stable penicillins are the primary alternatives to treat S.

ECG-Screening for young elite athletesAbstractBackgroundSudden cardiac death (SCD) during physical activity is a frightening and emotional tragedy that draws huge media attentions when it occurs. Fortunately it is a relatively uncommon occurrence but happens nonetheless to young athletes who often seems to be in perfect health. SCD is used as a term for sudden unexpected complications on the cardiovascular system that leads to a deadly outcome normally within the first hour of onset of symptoms and the cause is some sort of underlying cardiovascular disease that gets triggered by physical activity.Normally athletes gets divided into two groups dependent on age, over and under 35 years, and this studies focus is on the younger group since it is often during this period athletes are at the elite level. It is also in this category the most unexpected sudden deaths occur that is not due to coronary atherosclerosis, which is the dominant cause of death, and drastically increases, for people over 35 years old.AimThe aim of this study was to scientific and unbiased analyze peer-reviewed clinical articles todescribe the pros, cons and cost to implement an ECG-screening as a standard before physicalactivities for specifically defined elite athletes.MethodA systematic review was performed and after all data collection 21 articles was chosen to beused as a base for both background and analyze. At the end 10 articles was fulfilling the criteria to be used at the analyze and later the results.ResultsThe implementation of ECG-screening has reduced SCD in Italy by 89 % between the years 1979-2004.

ECG-Screening for young elite athletesAbstractBackgroundSudden cardiac death (SCD) during physical activity is a frightening and emotional tragedy that draws huge media attentions when it occurs. Fortunately it is a relatively uncommon occurrence but happens nonetheless to young athletes who often seems to be in perfect health. SCD is used as a term for sudden unexpected complications on the cardiovascular system that leads to a deadly outcome normally within the first hour of onset of symptoms and the cause is some sort of underlying cardiovascular disease that gets triggered by physical activity.Normally athletes gets divided into two groups dependent on age, over and under 35 years, and this studies focus is on the younger group since it is often during this period athletes are at the elite level. It is also in this category the most unexpected sudden deaths occur that is not due to coronary atherosclerosis, which is the dominant cause of death, and drastically increases, for people over 35 years old.AimThe aim of this study was to scientific and unbiased analyze peer-reviewed clinical articles todescribe the pros, cons and cost to implement an ECG-screening as a standard before physicalactivities for specifically defined elite athletes.MethodA systematic review was performed and after all data collection 21 articles was chosen to beused as a base for both background and analyze. At the end 10 articles was fulfilling the criteria to be used at the analyze and later the results.ResultsThe implementation of ECG-screening has reduced SCD in Italy by 89 % between the years 1979-2004.

??He who makes a beast of himself gets rid of the pain of being a man.? ? Dr. Johnson? . Så inleder den amerikanske journalisten Hunter S Thompson sin mycket speciella roman Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas ? a Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream (1972).

Cardiac arrhythmias and heart diseases can result in a limited performance capacity which could lead to anxiety and depression. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of symptoms of depression among patients with cardiac arrhythmias. The intention was also to explore differences between men and women in the occurrence of symptoms of depression. Furthermore, the prevalence of symptoms of depression among patients with cardiac arrhythmias was compared with a Swedish general population. Method: For two weeks MADRS-S, a self-rating scale for depression, were distributed at a medicine ward where patients with cardiac arrhythmias are treated, at a hospital in Sweden.

Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att belysa omvårdnaden för familjer till barn med hjärtfel ur ett familjeperspektiv. Vården av hjärtsjuka barn och ungdomar kräver en kunskap om dessa sjukdomar inte enbart hos sjukvårdspersonal inom den högspecialiserade barnkardiologin utan inom ett flertal andra specialiteter. Studien omfattar sjuksköterskans omvårdnad av familjer, förberedelser för hemgång, samarbetet mellan olika yrkeskategorier, familjens reaktioner vid denna krissituation och de bearbetningsmodeller som finns till förfogande för att underlätta bearbetningsprocessen. Vidare forskning inom detta område är nödvändig. The purpose of this study is to illuminate the care of families to children with heartdisease from a familyperspective.

Causes of thrombocytopenia in dogs ? a retrospective study of 123 cases The purpose of this retrospective case study was to determine which diseases are associated with thrombocytopenia in Swedish dogs. Records of 123 dogs with thrombocytopenia were evaluated. The most common cause was neoplasia-associated thrombocytopenia (32%). The largest proportion within this group was unspecified neoplasia.

Vid hja?rtoperationer leder man bort blodet fra?n hja?rtat och kopplar upp patienten till en hja?rt-lungmaskin med tillho?rande beha?llare (kardiotomi-reservoar). I det o?ppna sa?ret tillfo?rs koldioxid kontinuerligt. Detta go?rs fo?r att avlufta sa?rha?lan och hindra luft fra?n att komma in i hja?rtat och de stora ka?rlen under kirurgi.

SAMMANFATTNING För att få fram en prognos när ett djur uppsöker vård finns det idag olika metoder. Inga är dock perfekta och därför forskas det på biomarkörer som ska kunna berätta mer om en individs allmäntillstånd. En biomarkör ska objektivt fungera som en indikator för normala biologiska processer, patogena processer eller farmakologiska responser efter en terapeutisk åtgärd. Chromogranin A (CgA) är en molekyl vars egenskaper och funktion undersökts mycket, bland annat dess potential som biomarkör vid olika tillstånd. Få djurstudier finns men humanstudier demonstrerar att CgA-koncentrationer exempelvis ökar vid olika sjukdomstillstånd; såsom hjärtsjukdomar, brännskador och hos patienter med neuroendokrina tumörer.

This student report is about canine atopic dermatitis It includes a description of the immunologic mechanisms and how the reaction affects the body. The symptoms are various, most common is pruritus, erythema and alopecia and directly associated with the immunologic reaction. The diagnostic process includes symptoms, physical findings, differential diagnosis, intradermal test and serological test. The options of treatment are several and vary for each patient. The report includes hyposensitization, medical treatment such as corticosteroids, antihistamin and cyclosporine, topical treatment, fatty acid supplements and environmental treatment. The prognosis is individual for each patient due to their different response to the treatment. It may take a while to find the right combination of treatments to achieve satisfactory control of the disease..

SyfteSnusandet har ökat de senaste åren, särskilt bland kvinnor och yngre personer och till flera samhällsgrupper. Rökning har under många år genomgått rigorös forskning och därigenom bevisats vara förenat med ohälsa. Däremot är forskning på snusanvändandets hälsoeffekter eftersatt. En fysiologisk effekt som föreslagits av långvarigt snusande är påverkan på balans (posturalt svaj). Uppsatsens huvudsyfte är att undersöka effekten på balans av ett långvarigt (sex veckor) uppehåll från snus i en grupp av dagligsnusare. MetodI studien genomförde dagligbrukare av snus (n=13) tester av posturalt svaj före och efter sex veckors uppehåll från snus.