One of the environmental problems today in seas, lakes and streams is eutrophication. This is often caused by nutrients such as phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) that leak from agricultural areas. A measure to partly prevent the nutrient discharge is to construct or restore wetlands.In order to control the efficiency of nutrient reduction of existing wetlands in the county, the administrative board in Västra Götaland wants to find different criterias for reference wetlands. These reference wetlands should represent other wetlands and be used in future evaluations of reduction of nutrients and design of constructed wetlands. According to the administrative board in Västra Götaland the reference wetlands should have a catchment area of about 50 hectare consisting of at least 70 % arable land, to represent wetlands created to remove nutrients.

Genom att använda sig av en dynamisk tolkningsmetod av Europakonventionen har Europadomstolen möjlighet att, med hänsyn till hur rättsuppfattningar och värderingar förändras i konventionsstaterna, tolka konventionen utifrån vid varje tid aktuella samhälleliga förhållanden. För hur vissa typer av frågor, främst sådana som berör den allmänna moralen eller privatlivet, bör hanteras, råder dock långt från konsensus bland de 47 konventionsstaterna. Här måste domstolen, för att inte föregå de nationella lagstiftarna, vara särskilt lyhörd då den balanserar allmänna och enskilda intressen mot varandra. För dessa frågor åtnjuter också staterna en relativt vid margin of appreciation, fri bedömningsmarginal, avseende hur de skall uppfylla de åtaganden som följer av konventionen. I denna uppsats undersöker jag hur Europadomstolen under årens lopp kommit att använda sig av den dynamiska tolkningsmetoden i ett, för konventionsstaterna, känsligt ämne; det om transsexualism och säkrandet av transsexuella personers mänskliga rättigheter.

BIOGAS POTENTIAL IN GRASSES FROM WETLANDSMarvin MartinsThe purpose of this study has been to survey wetlands that are suitable for mowing and to analyze the biogas potential in the harvested grasses. A preformed investigation showed that there are suitable wetlands, which can be harvestable, namely those mowed formerly in traditional haymaking. The practice of traditional haymaking is dying out in Sweden today but there are several good reasons why it should to be reconsidered. Nature- and cultural values are obvious, also the unutilized energy in the grass.The suitable types of wetland that were specifically studied were the productive wetlands; meadow marshes and wet meadows. These wetlands are represented in the Swedish meadow- and pasture inventory database; (TUVA) and the Swedish national wetland inventory (VMI).

I den tid vi lever nu arbetar bara en liten del av befolkningen med produktion i det öppna landskapet. Städerna växer samtidigt som fler flyttar från än till glesbygderna. När distansen till landsbygden ökar skapas nya tolkningar, värdesättningar och användningsområden för landskapet. Det öppna landskapet förknippas av många inte längre med ett produktionslandskap utan med ett rekreationslandskap för fritidsaktiviteter. Kraven på tillgänglighet, service och upplevelser ökar och det öppna landskapet befinner sig i en ny situation.Gotland tar varje år emot hundratusentals besökareoch turistindustrin är en växande global marknad.

3D modeling is a common tool in landscape architecture. Today, there have been new ways in which virtual 3D models are successful tools in the dialogue with the public. These new methods involve children and young people who are groups that is hard to reach and engage in citizen dialogues. The purpose of this work was to investigate how a virtual 3D model works in the landscape architect?s communication with the public through the project Gruvstadsparken in Kiruna. Through workshops, I wanted to communicate Gruvstadsparken to get ideas from participants on how the park can be used and be revisited.

En körsimulator är en modellkonstruktion som ska efterlikna ett verkligt fordon. Den körsimulator som finns vid Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, VTI, bygger på en riktig fordonskaross och ett avancerat rörelsesystem. Omgivningen simuleras och visas för föraren på tre skärmar. I dagsläget finns ingen modell för generering och simulering av trafik till VTIs körsimulator. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att ta fram en sådan modell.En del av examensarbetet var att undersöka förekomsten av modeller för generering och simulering av trafik till körsimulatorer i världen.

During thousands of years, reindeer have adapted to living under harsh conditions with large seasonal variations in climate and forage availability. This adaptation implies that body functions and nourishment needs are strongly bound to the season. In the summer the reindeer has to maximize food intake to build up fat and protein reserves for the winter. More than 200 different plant species are included in the reindeer diet, but since reindeer have an unique ability to use the nourishment in lichen, different lichen species make up a large portion of their winter diet in many areas. Fundamental for reindeer husbandry is access to natural grazing during most of the year.

Transformation of inorganic mercury (Hg) to methyl mercury (MeHg) is a biotic process that is proposed to be conducted primarily by sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB). The formation of MeHg is of great interest because it is the mercury species that biomagnifies to the greatest extent in the aquatic food webs; about 90 % of all Hg in fish is MeHg. Our understanding of factors involved in the production of MeHg is very important for making a reliable risk assessment. The purposes of this study were to investigate the different factors that control the solubility of Hg and the production of MeHg in a contaminated lake sediment. The lake Ala-Lombolo, Kiruna municipality, is well-known to be contaminated by mercury from different sources. Sediment cores were sampled at three different locations (N, SW and SE) in the lake and divided in three different layers; 0-5, 5-10 and 10-15 cm.

Hälsofrämjande arbete är ett perspektiv som växt sig starkare under de senaste åren. I störreorganisationer med interna företagshälsor är det HR och förstnämnda som utgörexpertresurser för att arbeta med hälsofrämjande insatser. Studien har sin utgångspunkt i att vifick möjligheten att studera hur två olika professioner samarbetar över sinaverksamhetsgränser och uppfattar ett hälsofrämjande arbete i en organisation med 50 000medarbetare.Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka samarbetet mellan HR och Hälsan &Arbetslivet inom Västra Götalandsregionen samt vilka uppfattningar som finns kring etthälsofrämjande arbete.Den kunskapsöversikt som tidigare forskning ger inom området berör HR:sförändrade roll i organisationer genom konceptet HR-transformation. Vidare lyfter avsnittetfram företagshälsovårdens pågående resa som under de senaste årtiondena har skaffat sig ettvidare helhetstänk och inkluderar fler yrkesgrupper än tidigare. Kapitlet avslutas med enframställning av det hälsofrämjande arbetet, dess ursprung och utbredning samt vilka centralaaktörer som omfattas av perspektivet.

Detta arbete är utfört på uppdrag av Skogsvårdsstyrelsen i Vindeln inom ramen för EU?s miljöfond LIFE. Detta projekt ska bl.a. leda till bättre samverkan mellan olika brukare av skogen. Datorstöd är ett av medlen till samverkan.

På Robotförsöksplats Norrland, RFN, i Vidsel, har flygplan och robotar utprovats sedan 1958. Provplatsen har Västeuropas största provområde över land, med en area på över 1600 kvadratkilometer. Radar, Kinoteodoliter, Telemetri och Kameror används för att övervaka provobjektens rörelser. Att kunna följa robotbanan och lagra positionsdata är en väsentlig del av provningsverksamheten.All positionsdata samlas in av ledningsprogramvaran, BAPS, och används för att i realtid presentera positionsdata på en karta till stöd för provledaren. Samma data kan sedan bearbetas för att generera mera exakta positionsuppgifter i efterhand.2001 infördes ett nytt geodetiskt referenssystem i Sverige, SWEREF99.

This essay intervenes in the politics of urban segregation in Stockholm. The main aim of the essay is to analyze and describe how advanced marginality and territorial stigmatization are expressed in the lived experiences of four unemployed youths, that have participated in a labor market training program located in the ?social vulnerable? area Rågsved. With a theoretical framework based in Henri Lefebvre?s production of social space the empirical findings are interpreted in regard to how the youths produce social space in dialectical interplay with urban politics, advanced marginality, territorial stigmatization, and their local neighborhood.

The business potential of software defined radio (SDR) technology is studied by evaluating whether or not its characteristics correspond to those particular to a disruptive technology. The maturity of the SDR technology concept is illuminated by analyzing the opinions and perspectives of a selection of representatives for different stakeholders in the wireless communications market. Characteristics as, for example, the degree of consensus about the utility of SDR technology and the awareness of features and limitations are studied by application of the theory of technological frames. This theory helps us understand how and when technology evolution takes place. Finally we describe the value network structures of some potentially viable application areas for SDR and suggest some possible business opportunities based on SDR technology.This thesis is carried out as a case study and the research data is obtained from secondary sources, such as literature and Internet publications as well as interviews with people well experienced in the field of wireless communications.

The transformation within the swedish infrastructure has been a slow process from thebeginning of time. For almost a decade, the traditional form of contracting regardingbuildings and foremost infrastructure has evolved contracting involving the owner to definethe outcome of the product, regardless involvement from the supposed contractor. As forthe swedish market, the traditional design-bid-build (DBB) have been the primary choice ofcontracting. Although changes have been made over time regarding contracting formswithin the road administration, the railway sector has not improved or justified changesregarding choice of contracting, they have conducted same contracting relationshipsbetween them and the contractor.This bachelor thesis, conducted at the Swedish railway administration with supervision ofprofessor Kristian Widén at Lunds University, explores the forces behind the new era ofcontracting within the railway administration. This bachelor thesis focuses mainly oncontracting regarding design-build-operate-main (DBOM), the new contracting formulabetween the owner and the contractor.

The transformation within the swedish infrastructure has been a slow process from thebeginning of time. For almost a decade, the traditional form of contracting regardingbuildings and foremost infrastructure has evolved contracting involving the owner to definethe outcome of the product, regardless involvement from the supposed contractor. As forthe swedish market, the traditional design-bid-build (DBB) have been the primary choice ofcontracting. Although changes have been made over time regarding contracting formswithin the road administration, the railway sector has not improved or justified changesregarding choice of contracting, they have conducted same contracting relationshipsbetween them and the contractor.This bachelor thesis, conducted at the Swedish railway administration with supervision ofprofessor Kristian Widén at Lunds University, explores the forces behind the new era ofcontracting within the railway administration. This bachelor thesis focuses mainly oncontracting regarding design-build-operate-main (DBOM), the new contracting formulabetween the owner and the contractor.