The issue about how Scania shall perform HVAC tests in the climatic wind tunnel CD7, which Scania is about to complete by year 2013, has resulted in four test methods for truck HVAC and also a test method structure. The test methods have been chosen to focus on sun, snow and rain simulations. These are adapted and developed according to what should be tested and to what can be tested in CD7, which has been the object. With CD7 different climates can be simulated in a controlled environment for complete truck level, from desert with high sun load to arctic cold and snow.The test methods represents a basis to start from, for designers and test engineers which make the testing more repetitive as well as time eventually can be saved. Before the test methods can be applied they must be verified as they are based on theoretical and empirical assumptions.

I detta examensarbetet undersöks hur provningen av HVAC på lastbilar skall utföras iklimatvindtunneln CD7 som Scania färdigställer till år 2013. HVAC omfattar kupéuppvärmning,ventilation samt AC och har därmed en stor betydelse för klimatkomforten inne i lastbilshytten.Med klimatvindtunneln CD7 kommer olika tester att kunna utföras i en kontrollerad miljö medallt från ökenklimat till snöig vinter. De nya möjligheterna som kommer med klimatvindtunnelnCD7 är även anledningen till att en ny provmetodik behöver undersökas och tas fram.Studien föreslår fyra stycken provmetoder för HVAC samt en struktur för dokumentationen.Provmetoderna som har valts fokuserar på sol-, regn- och snösimuleringar. Dessa provmetoder ärbaserade efter vad som kan samt bör testas i CD7, vilket är en del av syftet med examensarbetet.Solsimuleringar har i empirin visat sig vara bland de mest förekommande proven när det gällertestning av HVAC och klimatkomfort.Provmetoderna syftar till att skapa en utgångspunkt för konstruktörer och testingenjörer vidutformningen av prover. Det gör testningen repetitiv samtidigt som tid sparas genom attdokumenterat underlag finns att tillgå.En av målsättningarna med examensarbetet har varit att studien ska användas förvidareutveckling av provmetoder för HVAC på Scania.

Det är svårt att förutse om det finns risk för brandgasspridning via ett ventilationssystem och det krävs ofta analytisk dimensionering för att verifiera ett fullgott brandskydd. Idag används olika simuleringsprogram för att verifiera ventilationsbrandskyddet. FDS är ett simuleringsprogram som genom utgåva sex kommit med en tilläggsfunktion, HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) där naturlig- och mekanisk ventilation kan simuleras med hjälp av ett system byggt av noder (nodes) och kanaler (ducts). Funktionen tillåter även att läckage simuleras på ett beräkningstekniskt stabilare sätt än i tidigare versioner. HVAC- funktionen är indirekt kopplad till de övriga CFD- beräkningar i FDS för att inte behöva gridcellsindela systemet vilket hade krävt betydligt mer datorkapacitet.

The purpose of the study is to investigate the possible effects of an unstable ventilation system and its influence on energy use and thermal comfort. The report also explores how qualified personal working with HVAC view and handles system control.In order to meet the requirements in energy efficiency and a comfortable indoor climate control regulation is a prerequisite. With optimized increased complexity of the climate systems, it becomes more challenging to control the system and the risk of unstable control increases. No previous studies about what affect an unstable system can have on energy use and thermal comfort have been found.The report is based on several tests were the controlling variable has been increased until the system becomes unstable. Two different types of unstable systems have been investigated.

The purpose of the study is to investigate the possible effects of an unstable ventilation system and its influence on energy use and thermal comfort. The report also explores how qualified personal working with HVAC view and handles system control.In order to meet the requirements in energy efficiency and a comfortable indoor climate control regulation is a prerequisite. With optimized increased complexity of the climate systems, it becomes more challenging to control the system and the risk of unstable control increases. No previous studies about what affect an unstable system can have on energy use and thermal comfort have been found.The report is based on several tests were the controlling variable has been increased until the system becomes unstable. Two different types of unstable systems have been investigated.

Detta arbete behandlar mätmetoder för detektering av partiella urladdningar (kallad PD från engelska benämningen Partial Disharge) i HVAC- och HVDC- högspänningskablar. HVAC står för ?High Voltage Alternative Current? och HVDC står för ?High Voltage Direct Current?. När en viss hög spänningsnivå överskrids i kabeln uppstår olika typer av partiella urladdningar och dessa skadar kabelns isoleringsmaterial. PD- intensiteten ökar med tiden och om de tillåts fortlöpa under en längre tid kan de med tiden helt bryta ned isoleringsmaterialet vilket leder till ett fel.

For many years, the construction industry in Sweden has not developed much of an integral approach for design across disciplines. The sector?s impact on society, economics and environment is huge. To make the interactions within the construction industry more efficient, a relatively new concept called BIM (Building Information Modeling) has been introduced. The idea with BIM is that the different actors of the construction industry will work through intelligent CAD software, with common file formats and more cooperation between different actors during the various steps of the building and construction process.The technical consultancy company WSP Sweden is working actively to implement BIM within the frame of its activities.

Det är sedan tidigare allmänt känt att när temperaturen sänks på luft med en hög luftfuktighet så fälls det ut kondenserat vatten som en restprodukt. Ombord på stora kryssningsfartyg med många passagerare så är behovet av att kyla luften stort på grund av att passagerarna vill ha en behaglig inomhusmiljö, vilket leder till att det i fartygens stora luftkonditioneringsanläggningar bildas mycket vatten när luft kyls. Den här studien syftar till att undersöka om det går att ta tillvara på det vatten som bildas som en restprodukt i luftkonditioneringsanläggningarna. För att ta reda på om kvalitén och kvantiteten var tillräcklig för att det skulle gå att använda vattnet ur en luftkonditioneringsanläggning så togs ett vattenprov från en luftavfuktare. Detta vattenprov analyserades av ett utav Livsmedelverket ackrediterat laboratorium.

Due to higher standards of living around the world, greater industries and larger infrastructures causes an increase of the global energy consumption. This harvest of energy puts a great stress on the global environment. With this development, it becomes increasingly important to utilize energy resources in the best possible way.Fans are components that are often used in the industry and in households. A common problem is that the fan is oversized. An oversized fan causes an excessive flow, which has to be adjusted in order to achieve the correct flow.

Planet rendering plays an important role in universe visualization and geographic visualization. The recent tools and methods allow better data acquisition, usually with very high resolution. However in computer graphics, there is always the limitation on the resolution of geometry and texture due to numerical imprecision. Not many applications can handle high resolution data effectively.This thesis introduces, Implicit Surface Scene, a level of detail scene management inspired by dynamic coordinate system and SCALEGRAPH? which change over time depending on the current camera position relative to the planet surface.

Energy supply in Sweden year 2011 amounted to 577 TWh. The final energy consumption for industrial, residential and service was 379 TWh. Sweden has energy policy goals to reduce energy use in buildings. One of these goals is to reduce the energy use by 20 % in 2020 compared to the year 1995. An important step to achieve this goal is to target energy efficiency measures in existing buildings.

Environmental impact and management of energy is a highly topical issue in today's society. Climate impact must be reduced. The Government has set a target to reduce energy consumption in buildings by 20 % by 2020 and 50 % by 2050 compared to the energy use in 1995.With this in mind, we chose to examine how property owners can work on improving energy efficiency in existing apartment buildings. We also wanted to investigate profitability of different increasing energy efficiency measures and the calculation methods and the risk assessment performed by such investments. To tie in with government objectives, we also saw the possibilities of achieving these goals.20 companies were interviewed, of which 14 were property owners and 6 were consulting firms that works with energy efficiency.

Mechanical ventilation is the most common type ofventilation in newly constructed office buildings. Therehas been an interest to utilize natural ventilationinstead of mechanical ventilation among architects andHVAC consultants in recent years. This is due to thesize of mechanical ventilation systems, which arespace consuming. The mechanical ventilation system isalso complex and requires maintenance. Furthermore,the fan uses a considerable amount of energy.

VAV (Variable Air Volume) system has been studied in a newly constructed office-building. The goal for the study has been to evaluate how the ventilations system work in practice, if adjustments can be made to achieve an more energy efficient system and to evaluate if other alternative ventilation systems is to be preferred in the further.The degree project has been executed at Helenius Engineering Firm who is working with the environment, media systems, HVAC and energy in buildings. The building that has been studied is owned and operated by Akademiska hus.Literature studies, visits at site, inventory, review of system documentation, energy analyses, interviews, key figures, LCC, sand energy- and indoor climate simulations has been made to study the building. Where appropriate some tools from Six Sigma have also been used.How to achieve an energy efficient system and a pleasant indoor climate is studied with human health and well-being as base for the indoor climate requirements. Technical support systems such as ventilation systems have to be designed so that an acceptable indoor climate can be achieved.