A cars powertrain consists of everything that is needed for its propulsion. The components in the driveline that transfer the power from the engine to the driven wheels are not absolutely stiff, hence they will wind up due to the torque and act as torsion springs. If you suddenly demand a bigger torque by stepping on the accelerator pedal, a so called tip in manoeuvre, and that torque is acquired from the engine as quickly as possible, the driveline will not be able to transfer that fast torque change due to its weakness and as a result it will start to oscillate. These oscillations will be transferred to the driven wheels and make the car to accelerate jerkily which will be experienced as uncomfortable by the passengers. Furthermore, there is a backlash in the driveline that will make the weakness in the driveline even more excited than it should have been if the backlash did not existed.To avoid too big problems with these oscillations there is a control system that controls the demanded torque.

When developing software that is meant to be distributed over several different computers and several different networks while still working together against a common goal there is a challenge in testing how updates within a single component will affect the system as a whole. Even if the performance of that specific component increases that is no guarantee for the increased performance of the entire system. Traditional methods of testing software becomes both hard and tedious when several different machines has to be involved for a single test and all of those machines has to be synchronized as well.This thesis has resulted in an exemplary application suite for testing distributed software. The thesis describes the method used for implementation as well as a description of the actual application suite that was developed. During the development several important factors and improvements for such a system was identified, which are described at the end of the thesis even though some of them never made it into the actual implementation.

As companies grow, their need for computing power will increase, which traditionally resulted in companies having to invest in more IT resources. Now, with cloud computing, companies can easily hire computer power over the Internet, on-demand. Cloud computing offers a highly scalable environment where companies can store data and host their services. This paper employs a qualitative study with interviews and literature studies to explore opportunities and challenges associated with cloud computing from a system developer perspective. The aim of the paper is to find out how cloud computing changes the conditions for system development. The paper contributes with four different opportunities and challenges that the system developer must handle to succeed in the world of cloud computing.

A large amount of our time is spent indoors in an artificial climate. To make the experience pleasant there are requirements on the ventilation and the heating system. At the present time the most common form of heating is a radiator system complemented with a ventilation system. A ceiling heating system with combined heating and ventilation can replace the two separated systems. The benefit with a ceiling heating solution is that it saves space since the radiator system is no longer needed.

Syftet med undersökningen är att ta reda på om begreppet ?Tekniska system? tas upp i förskolan. Dessutom undersöks hur förskolorna arbetar med teknik enligt den reviderade läroplanen, Lpfö 98.Som metod användes enkäter där pedagoger satt i arbetslagsgrupper och besvarade frågor. Enkäten används för att få en bättre bild av hur ålder, kön, tidigare utbildningar och yrkeserfarenhet förhåller sig till kunskapen av teknikämnet.Undersökningen visar att alla förskolor använde sig av begreppet tekniska system på ett eller annat sätt i samtal med barnen, till exempel vid toalettbesök, samt frågor ?vart tar rören vägen vidare till reningsverket??Vidare framkommer det att fler fortbildningsdagar och studiebesök är önskvärt för att pedagogerna ska få en större vetskap om begreppet tekniska system.

The purpose of this Master thesis is to examine how college library managers perceive shelves of book reservation system in an integrity perspective. Privacy is an important part of everyday life in the society of today and according to some people, for example a former library lawyer in the Swedish Royal Library, these shelves conflicts with the Swedish law of Secrecy (Sekretesslagen 9 kap. 22 §). I am therefore interested in how they perceive this system: what weaknesses and strengths it has, why they implemented it, how they have interpreted this law. To answer this I have used a qualitative method called phenomenography and done interviews with five college library managers.

The study's aim is to create an understanding for the question why Sweden in 1921chose to create its own classification system for public libraries instead of adapting e.g.the Dewey-system which - at this time - was internationally we11 spread. It examines thesocial changes which proceeded the creation of the Swedish Library Association (SLA)in 1915 and discusses in depth the work of the committee appointed by SLA to createthe classification system. Special interest is also given to the relation between SLACSand the Dewey-system.The study shows that the main influence on the codttee's work was the formerSwedish tradition of classification practice. The Dewey-system was seen as inappropriateto adapt in the Swedish libraries because of the vast changes that wouldhave to be done, and the fact that the decimal notation was practically unused in anylibraries in Sweden.From a methodological point of view, the study tries to apply a critical hermeneuticalapproach as developed by Paul Ricoeur.The study contains an extended English summary..

I detta examensarbete har en generell metodik skapats för testning av styrsystem för pumpar. Testmetodiken beskrivs med modeller som på ett strukturerat sätt går igenom testningens förberedelse och utförande. Metodiken tillämpas sedan genom en stegvis mall för hur testningen går till praktiskt.En metod för att optimera antalet tester presenteras. Denna metod minskar antalet tester genom att använda de mest prioriterade signalerna som skickas mellan styrsystem och pump. Denna prioritering sker genom en viktning av hur viktig signalen är för systemet.

Stora Enso Hylte Bruk är ett tidningspappersbruk beläget i Hyltebruk.De fyra pappersmaskinerna startades 1972(PM1), 1974(PM2), 1976(PM3) och1989(PM4).Produktionen 2005 från dessa pappersmaskiner var 800 000 ton papper.För att tillverka papper åtgår stora mängder energi i form av värme och el, HylteBruk gjorde 2005 av med 1 % av Sveriges totala elenergibehov.Den 1/7 2004 höjdes processrelaterad elskatt från 0 till 0,5 öre/kWh vilket leddefram till den lag som trädde i kraft den 1/1 2005, ?lag om program förenergieffektivisering? (PFE)1.Ändamålet är att främja en effektiv energianvändning och ger energiintensivindustri möjlighet att delta i ett 5-årigt program för energieffektivisering. Deföretag som är kvalificerade att ingå i programmet och klarar av de krav som ställsbefrias från elskatten.Som en del av det här programmet ingår att utarbeta en lista medelenergieffektiviseringar som ska överlämnas till Statens Energimyndighet.Detta examensarbete kan efter beslut av ansvariga på Hylte Bruk ingå som en delav denna lista.Syftet med examensarbetet var att undersöka effektiviteten hos tolv pumpar påPM2 genom mätning av effekt, flöde och tryck. En del av dessa har varit i drift iupp till 32 år, under denna tid har slitage skett, vissa pumpar har gått mot delvisstängda ventiler samt förutsättningarna i form av produktion har ändrats sedan dedimensionerades.För alla de berörda pumparna kan en effektivisering göras, den kan bestå av: lägretryckhöjd, mindre flöde, pump med bättre verkningsgrad, eller en kombination avovanstående exempel.De förslag som har en återbetalningstid kortare än tre år ger tillsammans enenergibesparing på 1 375 000 kWh/år, vilket motsvarar mer än ¼ av vadpumparna förbrukar idag.Om istället alla de förslagen som är framarbetade och genomförbara skullerealiseras kan energibesparingen ökas ytterligare till 2 302 000 kWh/år, dettaskulle dock innebära en större investeringskostnad vilket resulterar i en längreåterbetalningstid..

This thesis considers the development of the software for an, newly developed, embedded real-time control system, based on a Periferal Interface Controller (PIC). The control system is developed to be used for several different applications. In this thesis work, software for two different applications are developed. The first task is a time controlled system, while the other task is implementation of aPI-/PID-controller. A user interface is also developed and implemented.The time controlled system is an automatic horse feeder, which is used for feeding horses at certain predefined points in time.

När ett system införs, spelar det ingen roll hur god funktionalitet det har, om användarna av någon anledning inte kan eller vill använda det på ett effektivt sätt. I första hand bestäms användbarheten hos ett program av egenskaper hos detta och hos de aktuella användarna. God användbarhet beror av acceptans från användarna, kompetens hos användarna och användarvänlighet hos systemet.För att undersöka hur man kan uppnå hög användbarhet och därmed en hög grad av användande vid införande av ett nytt system, har vi gjort en undersökning av användbarheten och användandet av ett system vid Landstinget i Östergötland.Våra slutsatser visar på att utbildning och information är mycket viktiga faktorer för att uppnå hög användbarhet för ett system. Många har en motvilja mot att använda datorer och problem med att se vilka fördelar ett införande av ett nytt system kan medföra, något vi anser kan lösas med bättre utbildning och information. Trots att teorier om användbarhet funnits i över tio år, har vi funnit att det forfarande inte tas tillräcklig hänsyn till de grundläggande faktorer som påverkar användbarheten vid införande av ett system..

Abstract: After their introduction, technical systems designed for Situational Awareness have changed the possibilities on the battlefield. Today, Swedish tanks use a system known as the TCCS. This system offers many advantages to a tank platoon, but does it also bring disadvantages? This essay examines pros and cons with the TCCS. To find these the author uses a Swedish Armed Forces analyze model in a comparative study.

Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) is a quality control system created by the European Union (EU) to protect integrity of certain food and drinks that are produced in a specific area in a unique way. By protecting these products, the EU can certify that the traditional region-specific methods of food and drink production are preserved. The EU countries that follow such a system are mostly from Southern Europe. For instance in France, the PDO system has helped improve the income for farmers, boosted the rural development and assured protection for farmers against the abuse of their brand and the selling of their products by outsiders. In Sweden, there are no PDO products yet, instead there is Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) and Traditional Speciality Guarantee (TSG) that are not as protective as PDO.

This thesis aims to examine the viability of various techniques for increased electricity generation in CHP plants and the effect of electricity price fluctuations on the profitability.The techniques examined are fuel dryer, pellet production, methane production, combined methane- and pellet production, seasonal heating storages in caverns and pit heat storages and condensing tail. Using Excel and Matlab, the prerequisites for investment costs, revenues and expenses were calculated.What affects the price of electricity is a combination of economic and technological development, energy prices, economic structure, population changes and weather. Different scenarios for the electricity price were therefore examined. In the base case, the electricity price was given by the Nord Pool electricity price statistics of area three in 2011. Thereafter, WiMo was used to design the electricity scenarios for 2030, which was then applied to the data to obtain the viability of various scenarios. The techniques examined were found to give greater profits to the CHP plant by increasing and optimizing the production of electricity.

This is a literature study in which I investigate if there are scientific studies that form the basis of the Swedish dog world views concerning the spaying of bitches. The positive impacts are said to be reduced problems with pseudopregnancy, reduced risk of pyometra, reduced risk of mammary and uterine tumors, an earlier cease of bone growth, a more active and happier dog and a bitch who is more tolerant of other dogs. The negative consequences are said to be urinary incontinence, increased aggressiveness, lower metabolism and the increased risk of obesity, a more lethargic individual and altered coat.There are studies indicating that spaying reduces behavioral problems associated with heat and pseudopregnancy. Assuming no ovary tissue persists after the procedure, and there is no progesterone production, the risk of pyometra decreases. Early spaying, before the first heat, reduces the risk of mammary tumors.