This essays aim is to investigate the possibilities of subjective interpretation of Lgr11, the Swedish curriculum for elementary school. The assignment that the Swedish authority Skolverket got in 2009, was to create a curriculum that would grant that the students achievements would not be influenced by any subjective opinions and that all elementary schools in Sweden will give an equivalent education. In the Government bill this is a theme throughout the text and the Minister of Education has also claimed that this document will leave very limited space for subjective reading and interpretation. He says that Lgr11, in contrast to the previous curriculim Lpo94, will clarify what the purpose of the different subjects is and on what grounds the assessment of the students should be based.The method used is the literary theories of reader ? response as they are expressed by Literarycriticist Stanley Fish.

Flera av jordens kattdjur står just nu inför hot om utrotning, och bevarandeprojekt bedrivs såväl in situ som ex situ för att förhindra detta. Pallaskatt (Felis manul) är för närvarande listad som starkt hotad enligt CITES. Bevarandeprojekt på arten bedrivs bland annat i europeiska djurparker, där man genom forskning hoppas kunna öka katternas möjligheter till överlevnad. Denna studie utfördes på två pallaskatter på Parken Zoo i Eskilstuna, och fokuserade på hur katterna utnyttjade hägnet, samt deras aktivitetsbudget. Studien hade även som ursprungligt syfte att undersöka bohålepreferens hos katterna, men då de i hägnet utplacerade bohålorna besöktes väldigt sällan av katterna, kunde studien inte visa på något resultat här.

Benthic invertebrates play important roles as feeding resources for many organisms in different food webs. Shifts in predation of these organisms can generate cascading effects and potentially lead to the disappearance of one or more species from a site. Cascading effects can bring impacts to organisms who aren?t even directly involved, why studies in this field are important for understanding sudden changes in ecosystems. I examined the predation from fish and waterfowl on benthic invertebrates in the shallow and eutrophic Lake Tåkern in the plains of Östergötland County, southern Sweden.

Fisk är ett hälsosamt livsmedel och allt eftersom världsbefolkningen har växt och hälsotrenden blossat upp, har trycket på fiskerinäringen ökat.Bakgrundens fakta tog upp olika konsekvenser som fiskodling kan medföra och hur stor kunskap konsumenten har om detta och deras makt att påverka industrin.Syftet med studien var att belysa brister i fiskodling kopplat till konsumenters kunskap, samt hur de etiska frågorna påverkar konsumentens val.I metod och materialstycket lades det fram att studien var en litteraturstudie som baserades på vetenskapliga artiklar från olika databaser som gick att tillgå vid Örebro universitet.Resultatet av undersökningen gav inblickar i vad konsumenter visste om odlad fisk, vad de tyckte om produkten och hur eller om de utövade sin makt. Resultatet visar även hur hanteringen av fisk går till på fiskodlingar runt om i Europa.I diskussionsavsnittet i studien lades bakgrundsfakta ihop med fakta ur resultatavsnittet. I diskussionen framkom information om att konsumenters uppfattning och kännedom om odlad fisk inte var tillräcklig, trots de märkningar och informationskällor som presenteras i bakgrunden.I diskussionsavsnittet diskuteras även processen som ledde fram till den här studien och vad som fungerat respektive inte fungerat..

Biogas is a renewable energy source that is produced by anaerobic digestion of organic mate-rial. In Sweden, biogas predominately comes from sewage water sludge and landfills or from organic waste of households and industries. Small scale digestion plants at farms are espe-cially expected to contribute to increased biogas production in the future. Biogas can be ob-tained directly in it?s raw form and used as fuel in a combustion chamber.

In this study the practical work with the EU Water Framework starts on the island of Gotland. 33 lakes and 32 streams have been characterized and classified regarding to their ecological status. The aim with the characterisation is to create a uniform discription of all waterbodies and a comparable estimation for the future. The aim with the classification is both to study the waterbodies ecological status and to gain knowledge of where the resources should be concentrated so that the ecological status in all waterbodies will be good in 2015.The characterisation has been done according to the EU Water Framework Directive, and the factors that have been applied are the mean depth and area of the lake. The length and size on the catchment area are the factors that have been used on streams.

A today common soil reinforcement method is the installation of lime-cement columns. Lime-cement columns have been used since the 1970?s and have been a useful method for stabilizing soil at great depths. It is mostly used for stabilizing road and railway embankments because the method is economically viable and the columns are easy to install. The total costs for the installation of the lime-cement columns is dependent on the numbers of installed columns, what percentage of lime and cement that has been used and the pattern in which the columns has been installed.

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) detection of heavy metals is a cost- and time-effective method for investigation of polluted areas. Compared to laboratory analysis, XRF analysis is limited by high detection limits and uncertainties in some situations. Preparation of samples is known to affect the results of measurements.The purpose of this thesis is to bring a deeper understanding of how different factors affect the results of XRF-analysis. A large number of measurements have been made with the instruments Niton XLt 700 and Niton Xli 700. Results from measurements of lead, zinc and copper have been analysed.This study has shown that a greater moisture content will give a lower measured concentration for the same sample.

Sweden signed, in 1992, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and has thus assumed responsibility for the indigenous biodiversity. That also means that Sweden has a conservation responsibility for the Swedish Friesian (SLB) (SJV, 2007a). In a survey conducted by the Board of Agriculture (SJV) in 1996, it appeared that there were around 780 cows and heifers of the SLB breed (SJV, 1997). SJV did in 2006 a plan for the development of livestock genet-ic resources and the number of cows of SLB was estimated at approximately 200. This meant that the SLB was in need of being conserved and SJV assumed it would be categorized as threatened.The primary objective of conservation of a breed is to reduce the loss of the original genetic variation (Lacy et al., 1995).

Global catch fishery is said to been oppressed to its limit (Boyd & Schmittou, 1999), further implying aquaculture might be the only solution to the world demand for fishery products. The applied term aquaculture in this paper refers to the one used by NOAA (2008); breeding, rearing, and harvesting of plants and animals in all kind of water environments, including but not limited to ponds, rivers, lakes, and the ocean. According to Shamshak & Anderson (2008, p. 74) aquaculture has over the past 20 years been the fastest growing food sector with an average annual growth rate of 8.7%. It further represents approximately 37 % (Shamshak & Anderson, 2008, p.

Sweden signed, in 1992, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and has thus assumed responsibility for the indigenous biodiversity. That also means that Sweden has a conservation responsibility for the Swedish Friesian (SLB) (SJV, 2007a). In a survey conducted by the Board of Agriculture (SJV) in 1996, it appeared that there were around 780 cows and heifers of the SLB breed (SJV, 1997). SJV did in 2006 a plan for the development of livestock genet-ic resources and the number of cows of SLB was estimated at approximately 200. This meant that the SLB was in need of being conserved and SJV assumed it would be categorized as threatened.The primary objective of conservation of a breed is to reduce the loss of the original genetic variation (Lacy et al., 1995).

Syfte: Studiens syfte är att göra en kort redovisning av de vanligaste tekniker (LASIK, LASEK, PRK och RLE) som finns inom refraktiv kirurgi med en fördjupning inom LASIK (laser in situ keratomileusis). Studiens syfte är att ta reda på hur LASIK operationen går till, vilka som är lämpade kandidater och vilka de vanligaste riskerna som finns.Bakgrund: Keratorefraktiv kirurgi har utvecklats enormt under de senaste årtionden. De initiala försöken att korrigera sfärocylindriska refraktiva fel med corneal kirurgi och första generationen excimer laser kirurgi var effektiva för korrigering av lägre refraktiva fel. Utvecklingen av mer komplex laserteknologi har gett mer noggranna och förutsägbara resultat. Detta har gjort att indikationer för den refraktiva kirurgin har expanderat.

During the timber floating era, most of Sweden?s watercourses were altered. This decreased the amount of available spawning habitats for salmonids, and hence had a negative effect on the riverine brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations. Reconstruction of spawning grounds is today a common measure in restoration of altered streams in Sweden. However, very little evaluation of the effectiveness of these reconstructed spawning grounds exists.

This thesis presents the results from a osteological analysis and a GIS-study aimed to examinedifferences in the located animal bones in different areas of the excavation site of Ajvde.The osteological material came from five excavated square meters on the site and was comparedwith osteological results from other researchers from different areas to create overview and try tosee differences between the areas.The GIS-study took data from all animal bone material excavated on the site, a total of about 2300kilos, and presented them in maps of spatial distribution for each layer (pictures 4, 5, 6 & appendixpicture 1) to see if there were any clusters of activity and changes between the layers. The dating ofthe culture layer and the burial field (pictures 7 & 8) were presented in maps to see if they could becorrelated with what was seen with the animal bones. Pictures of different shorelines were alsopresented (picture 9) to compare with the results that were seen in the changes of animal bones fromdifferent layers.The results of the GIS-study have shown that the activity on the site have moved over time alongthe hight differences of the land. The earlier layers show activity only on the higher elevation butlater moves down, and in the upper layers activity have been all over the excavated area. Clusters ofanimal bones were seen in the so called ?black areas? of the sites (shown in picture 2) but also otherareas contained a lot of animal bones.The results of the osteological analysis have shown that there are differences in what species arefound in different areas.

During the 1960´s and 1970´s the number of grey seals in the Baltic Sea was decreasing rapidly, mostly due to hunting and toxic substances like DDT and PCB. When hunting became less intense and toxic substances decreased in the environment the grey seal population started to increase. Today grey seals are found common in the Baltic Sea and have started to become a big treat and a problem to the fishing industry. The grey seal destroys and enters fishing traps and consumes large quantities of the fish that have been caught.The knowledge of the grey seal, like abundance and food preferences, is today limited. It is also important to define the position of the grey seal in the ecosystem in the Baltic Sea and to be able to predict changes that could occur if the population would rapidly decrease or increase.