In Sweden, lowest acceptable haemoglobin levels in blood donators are 125g/L for women and 135g/L for men for a test sample taken in the beginning of the blood donation. Levels, which are 10g/L lower, are accepted if the sample is taken after the blood donation. Earlier studies show that the haemoglobin level decreases for a person that is lying down.The two aims of this study were to examine how much the haemoglobin levels change during blood donation and to examine if the photometrical instrument Pronto-7TM shows equivalent results to that of the established method Cell-Dyn Sapphire.In the study, 120 blood donors participated. Blood samples were taken in the beginning and in the end of the donation. Analyses by Pronto-7TM were done before and after the donation.The haemoglobin level decreased significantly during the blood donation.

Background: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD), as a consequence of atherosclerosis in the arteria of the limbs, affects one of ten Swedes older than 65. PAD can develop slowly and silently, and involves an increased risk for cardiac infarction and stroke. Measurement of the patient´s ankle blood pressure and calculation of the ankle-brachial index is an evidence-based method to discover PAD. Objective: To investigate how district nurses and general practitioners perceive this method of examination and experience possible obstacles to why it is not more commonly applied at primary health care centres. Method: Data collected by semi-structured interviews have been processed by qualitative content analysis with a manifest onset.

Detta arbete omfattar en studie angående ett blivande kompetensutvecklingscenter för urbefolkningen på ön Mindoro i Filippinerna. En central punkt på centret är ett rum avsätt för varierande verksamheter. Min studie omfattar hur detta rum på bästa sätt kan bidra till flexibilitet och användbarhet genom rumsliga element. En fallstudie utfördes i Filippinerna under perioden mars-maj 2012. En kvalitativ studie innefattande intervjuer, observationer, diskussioner, analyser och litteraturstudie, med fokus på visioner, hinder och förutsättningar. Analys av studien och designprocessen resulterade i ett gestaltningsförslag som skapar förutsättningar för inkludering och funktionalitet. Resultatet blev en stapelbar låda som går att använda som sittplats, en plats till förvaring, samt går att sätta ihop till önskade moduler.

Detta arbete omfattar en studie angående ett blivande kompetensutvecklingscenter för urbefolkningen på ön Mindoro i Filippinerna. En central punkt på centret är ett rum avsätt för varierande verksamheter. Min studie omfattar hur detta rum på bästa sätt kan bidra till flexibilitet och användbarhet genom rumsliga element. En fallstudie utfördes i Filippinerna under perioden mars-maj 2012. En kvalitativ studie innefattande intervjuer, observationer, diskussioner, analyser och litteraturstudie, med fokus på visioner, hinder och förutsättningar. Analys av studien och designprocessen resulterade i ett gestaltningsförslag som skapar förutsättningar för inkludering och funktionalitet. Resultatet blev en stapelbar låda som går att använda som sittplats, en plats till förvaring, samt går att sätta ihop till önskade moduler.

Detta arbete omfattar en studie angående ett blivande kompetensutvecklingscenter för urbefolkningen på ön Mindoro i Filippinerna. En central punkt på centret är ett rum avsätt för varierande verksamheter. Min studie omfattar hur detta rum på bästa sätt kan bidra till flexibilitet och användbarhet genom rumsliga element. En fallstudie utfördes i Filippinerna under perioden mars-maj 2012. En kvalitativ studie innefattande intervjuer, observationer, diskussioner, analyser och litteraturstudie, med fokus på visioner, hinder och förutsättningar. Analys av studien och designprocessen resulterade i ett gestaltningsförslag som skapar förutsättningar för inkludering och funktionalitet. Resultatet blev en stapelbar låda som går att använda som sittplats, en plats till förvaring, samt går att sätta ihop till önskade moduler.

The aim and purpose of this paper is to identify and investigate the effects of affirmative action as a tool to improve the equality of the sexes in a male dominated organisation such as the Swedish armed forces. The study takes a qualitative approach, using feminist theory as a point of departure. Primarily socially based differences between men and women are identified and the resistance towards change is taken into account.To understand the impact of affirmative action I have observed the political debate on the subject and contrasted it to the ongoing debate from within the armed forces. Extensive interviews have been held with both men and women from varying ranks and ages to understand what the overall opinion of the method is.My results show that there is a widespread animosity towards affirmative action as a method of improving equality. Both in the political debate and within the organisation in question.

Purpose/Aim: The purpose of this study is to examine how the advertisements of houses in the newspaper of Dagens Nyheter, have developed in layout, by text and image, during the last fifty years and to examine what part of the home is highlighted, as evident values of lifestyle.Material/Method: By examining twenty advertisements from the newspapers every decade during the period of 1958-2008, the layout and lifestyle will be described and analyzed by a quantative and qualitive (discourse) method.Main results: The advertisements has changed in many ways. The layout has drastically developed to a more personal layout of the estate agents and the trends of lifestyle have had an impact on how the agents have created the text in the advertisments to entice customers..

During my education I have frequently noticed that pupils do not like science or find it hard and dull. The purpose with this investigation is to find out how pupils experience their science education and if they can understand the arguments for studying the subject at school.I have made a questionnaire study among pupils in grade 8 and 9. After analyzing their answers I have interviewed some of the pupils to get answers on further questions.The investigation resulted in conclusion that pupils have hard to connect their science-education to their everyday lives. The most important element in forming the pupil?s opinions about science is their relation to the teacher and how the lessons are set-up.The following questions will be answered in this paper:Do pupils understand why they have science at school?Can the pupils see the use of scientific knowledge in their everyday life?How do pupils look upon their science education?.

To get the maximal output of your exercise in gym machines, there are different factorsto be considered. For example the strength of the muscle varies dependent on the positionof the muscles. To get the best results of the exercise the load has to reduce and increaseat specific positions.This study was made in cooperation with Caretaker Scandinavia AB, a company forsales, marketing and development in health care. They are general agent for Nordic Gymwho works with manufacturing of equipment and machines for gym and fitness.The aim of this study was to generate a method of measurement to evaluate and controlthe biomechanics of Nordic Gym´s workout equipment. A protocol for an ergonomicanalysis on the equipment has also been elaborated.One of the methods to measure the biomechanics was to measure the torque through thewhole movement.

I denna rapport behandlas frågeställningen: Hur kan man, med så få element som möjligt, skapa ett trovärdigt 3D-material; trovärdigt nog för att det ska kunna uppfattas som det verkliga material det försöker efterlikna? Som med mycket annat kan det vara en fördel att ha mer grundläggande förståelse för hur det man arbetar med och försöker efterlikna är uppbyggt. Syftet är att ta reda på om det finns några grundpelare i 3D- grafik som man bör ha i åtanke när man är ute efter att skapa ett visst sorts 3D- material utifrån verkligheten. Materialen som undersöks är trä, sten, metall, hud, hår/fjädrar och tyg. De presenteras i programmet Marmoset Toolbag och idén är att bryta ner dem till de minsta beståndsdelarna som behövs av ett material utan att förlora känslan av det materialet.

The aim of this essay is to study diaries and letters from Swedish soldiers during the Great Nordic War, more specifically those written during the campaign 1707-1721 against Russia, in search of religious coping and religious parables. The theoretic framework is evolved around Kenneth Pargament?s theory about religious coping, and Ana-Maria Rizzuto?s theory about object relations. The method used can be described as hermeneutic.The questions at hand were:- How did Swedish soldiers during the war against Russia relate to God, and express image of God and religious concepts?- Did the soldiers express themselves in terms of spiritual coping and in that case to what extent?The conclusions were that the soldiers used religious coping as a method of survival.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka de litterära, narratologiska elementen i ett verk som bygger på faktiska händelser och jämföra det med de faktiska element som kan återfinnas i ett skönlitterärt verk. För att svara på detta tar jag hjälp av tre underfrågor:? Vilka narratologiska grepp används? Här tar jag att ta upp och diskutera språket, författaren/berättaren och dennes roll samt hur berättandet framförs.? Hur används litterära stilbegrepp? Här undersöker jag förekomsten av stilbegrepp som till exempel metaforer och ironi och på vilket sätt de används.? Hur ser förhållandet till fakta ut? Här tar jag upp hur man i de båda böckerna förhåller sig till just fakta för att antingen auktorisera sin forskningsresa eller för att skapa en illusion av fakticitet..

Aim: The aim of this essay is to study the external communication of Science Park Jönköping, how they want students in Jönköping to perceive them. Further we would like to compare thatinformation with how students in Jönköping actually perceive Science Park Jönköping. Do the both pictures agree?Method/Material: Together with literature studies, a qualitive method has been used.Two interviews with the managers of Science Park, and five focusgroups with students havebeen conducted.Main Results: The main result from the focusgroup interviews shows that the students perceived image of Science Park correlates in many ways with Science Parks profile. But the study also shows that Science Park do not apply many of the relevant theories that would benefit their marketing..

Purpose: The purpose of this work is to investigate teachers' professional attitude to homework as a method. The study will also provide answers to the purpose for which the homeworks are used in teaching and if the individual circumstances and needs are met by this method.Method: Qualitative research was conducted through interviews with four teachers from three different schools. In addition, published surveys were used in support of reasoning.Results: Neither the curriculum or the syllabus mentions homework. There are no directives for how much time should be dispensed with and the extent of a homework should be. In teacher training literature the homework is not discussed.

An auditors? job is to review the company's figures and, as an independent part, give an accurate picture of its financial situation. Auditors have to relate to ISA where ISA 570 can be found and which deals with the going concern. The standard addresses a couple of factors that may be indications that a company can have problems with their continued operation. The problem is that ISA does not evaluate the events, which is more significant than others in the assessment, but it is up to the auditor to consider.The purpose of this paper is to describe the factors, which the auditor believes is more important than others in assessing the going concern and explain why it is so.