Background: Oil is the most dominating source of energy of today, it constitutes for more than 40 per cent of the worlds total energy consumption. This together with the fact that stock in oil companies has soared on the stock exchanges around the world makes oil a very interesting topic to write within. In order to gain knowledge in how to value oil companies, the authors will collect information from theory and through a questionnaire. By applying the information gathered to three companies listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange the authors will reach an objective picture of valuation of oil companies.Purpose: To investigate how shares of stock are valuated in the oil exploring and producing industry, and what specific measures and metrics that are used in the valuation of stocks in Exploring and Producing (E&P) companies.Method: By using a qualitative approach for this thesis, the authors will investigate how the valuation of oil companies works and what measures that should be applied. The authors will use a part descriptive and part explorative study.

In East Africa live two species of Griffon Vultures; Rüppel?s Griffon Vulture (Gyps rueppellii) and African White-backed Griffon Vulture (G. africanus). One of the apparently most important factors limiting the population of these birds is food supply. Griffon vultures nest for eight months of the year, and are during this period geographically tied down to the nesting place.

Uppvärmningen av ett småbostadshus står vanligen för kring hälften av dess energianvändning. Enligt energimyndigheten drar det svenska standardhuset 22,7 MWh per år varav 12,2 MWh går till uppvärmning. Att ge värmesystemet så bra förutsättningar som möjligt bör alltså vara av intresse för varje husägare, kanske främst ur ett ekonomiskt perspektiv men även ur ett ekologiskt perspektiv.I detta arbete har olika energieffektiviseringsåtgärder studerats som kan implementeras i en tvåplansvillas värmesystem bestående av en värmepump, golvvärme på nedervåningen och olika värmedistributionssystem på övervåningen. Åtgärderna har innefattat både praktiska såsom val av isolering i golvvärmesammanhang och mer teoretiska såsom reglerstrategier. Relevant teori för de ingående systemen har presenterats och utgjort grunden för implementeringar av systemen i simuleringsprogrammet IDA Indoor Climate and Energy.

This thesis aims to analyse a time series containing the annual accumulation rate of minerogenic matter in the lake Kassjo?n. First there is a theoretical survey of some frequently used tools for the analysis of time series in the time domain and in the frequency domain. This survey is followed by a simulation study that illustrates how the theoretical tools work in practice. After this, the time series "toolbox" is used to analyse the time series from Kassjo?n (5701 data points).

Hydropower is an important source of energy in Sweden and accounts for about 46 % of the total energy production. Sweden has about 1 200 hydropower plants and with the intention of raising the pressure head of the water and to store water, dams are built by the power plants. The storage reservoirs make it possible to adjust the energy production by demand and season. Dams in connection to the reservoirs are subjected to additional loading during periods of high floods or when an icecap in the winter is formed on the reservoirs. In order to maintain the dam safety, the power companies in Sweden are working with guidelines for dam safety from RIDAS.

In the middle of Australia there is a city called Alice Springs. The city has one of the highest amounts of daily sunshine hours and sun irradiation in the world. The Australian Government runs a project called Solar Cities, and Alice Springs is one of the participators. The main part of the goal with the Solar Cities project is to increase the amount of electricity generated by solar power and by doing that lower the impact on the environment. This thesis examines the possibilities for construction of a large scale solar power plant in Alice Springs. This is done to determine the potential of creating a more sustainable energy system in the city.

In the last decade, member states of the European Union have adopted a range of measures to decrease the dependency on fossil fuels. This has led to an increased use of biomass in heat and power production. In some countries, the lack of forest resource has led to large scale power producers importing their biomass needs. Due to high energy content and homogeneity, wood pellets have become an internationally traded commodity used for large scale power production. The Baltic States have emerged as one of the largest wood pellet exporting regions in Europe.

This thesis aims to analyse a time series containing the annual accumulation rate of minerogenic matter in the lake Kassjo?n. First there is a theoretical survey of some frequently used tools for the analysis of time series in the time domain and in the frequency domain. This survey is followed by a simulation study that illustrates how the theoretical tools work in practice. After this, the time series "toolbox" is used to analyse the time series from Kassjo?n (5701 data points).

I arbetet görs ett försök att genom litteratur och elevintervjuer närma sig frågan om vilka förutsättningar för lärande som simuleringar i geografi erbjuder och vilka lärandeteorier som då blir relevanta. Intervjuer har därför gjorts med elever efter att de genomfört ett för undersökningen utvalt simuleringsspel. I arbetet ställs också frågan om hur elever uppfattar simuleringen som didaktiskt verktyg och ett antal svarskategorier struktureras. Slutsatserna är att lärandet i simuleringar i första hand tycks vara beroende av den egna praktiska erfarenheten, den sociala interaktionen mellan deltagarna och den emotionella laddningen. Elevernas uppfattningar av lärandeformen stödjer dessa kvalitéer, men tillfogade också betydelsen av variation i undervisningen och det inneboende spelrummets betydelse för kreativiteten..

Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur energideklarationen har tagits emot och påverkat fastighetsägares arbete med energifrågor i flerbostadshus i Gävle.Metod: Denna uppsats baseras på kvalitativa intervjuer med fastighetsägare i Gävle. Fastighetsägarna som har medverkat är från den kommunala och privata hyressektorn samt kooperativa bostadsrättsorganisationer och privata bostadsrättsföreningar. Intervjumaterialet har sammanställts i fem olika kategorier i löpande text med förtydligande tabeller och diagram.Resultat och slutsats: Endast tre av de sju tillfrågade fastighetsägarna är helt färdiga med energideklarationerna. Alla respondenter anser att energideklarationen är bra över lag, men det finns även flera saker som de anser är negativt med energideklarationen. Majoriteten av respondenterna anser att de inte har gjort några större förändringar i och med den nya lagen, de jobbade redan med energibesparande åtgärder innan energideklarationerna genomfördes.Förslag till fortsatt forskning: I uppsatsen har vi inte tagit hänsyn till de boende och deras påverkan av energiförbrukningen.

Background: Cerebral Palsy is usually divided into three subgroups: ataxic, spastic and dyskinetic, where children and adolescents can, because of misestimation in nutrition and energy intake, suffer from weight problems.Aim: To compare calculations with equations with the individual's measured RMR in the subgroups, to see if any equation is more suitable. This could be used as a tool to calculate the resting metabolism at times when it is not possible to perform clinical measurements.Method: The RMR has been measured in 37 children and adolescents aged 3-15 years through indirect respiratory calorimetry. Those values have been compared with calculations from five equations. The results were then analyzed in order to find if any equation is better to apply for calculating resting metabolism for each subgroup.Results: The ataxic group was overestimated by 56.5% of the calculated values. WHO/FAO/UNU?s equation indicates a significantly strong correlation between the measured and calculated values (r=0.85, p<0.05).

Abstract In order to make the modern agriculture less dependent on non-renewable external inputs, it has to rely more on ecosystem services. The agricultural system produce not only food, fiber and fuel, it also generates other ecosystem services such as e.g. photosynthesis, recycling of nutrients, influencing local microclimate, pollination, biological control and detoxification of noxious chemicals. This study is an attempt to get a better understanding about the interaction among different ecosystem services and different habitats capacity to generate them. An evaluation of eight different methods is done. The ecosystem services studied are the ability to absorb solar energy, biomass production, botanical diversity, decomposition and natural predation of aphids.

The thesis aims to compare differentpiping materials in heating systems interms of cost as well as to illustratethe impact of energy characteristics ofdifferent materials over its servicelife. The methods used for costcalculations regarding piping are alsoto be examined to highlight thedifferences between template basedcalculations and more carefully executedones. The work is delimited to discusspipes of steel, copper, plastics andcomposites. The aim is that the resultcan be compiled to illustrate the prosand cons of various materials whenevaluating investments.The main object of the survey is part ofa heating system in the office-block KVSommaren located in southern Stockholm.The configured piping system is designedwith the mentioned piping materials andis used to make up the data for flow andcost calculations. The differentmaterials are calculated in both aconventional manner with a supplementarycost for additional fittings and with amore accurate quantification of thecomponents.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a transport protocol designed for the wired Internet. In wireless networks packet losses occur more frequently due to the unreliability of the physical link. The main problem is that TCP treats all losses as congestion, which leads to a lower throughput. Ad hoc networks are multihop wireless networks of mobile nodes, where each node can allow other packets to pass through it. Topology changes often occur and may lead to packet losses and delays, which TCP misinterprets as congestion.

This report deals with the design of a controller for SmartMedia? flash memory cards, based on a hardware description found in the SmartMedia? Interface Library - SMIL. The design was made on logic gate level, using standard cells in OrCAD Capture. After simulation of the design in PSpice A/D, it was exported as an EDIF netlist, which was used to make a chip layout in L-Edit, a layout tool for making integrated circuits. The layout was made using a method called Standard Place and Route - SPR, where the layout tool places standard cells from a library and connects them according to the EDIF netlist.