Människans balanssystem kan beskrivas utifrån tre delkomponenter, det vestibulära, det visuella och det somatosensoriska systemet. En rad olika skador och sjukdomar som påverkar dessa system stör därmed också balansen. Balansstörningar kan verifieras med hjälp av funktionella tester eller teknisk utrustning. Då teknisk utrustning används är det vanligt att instrument utnyttjas med kraftplattor i syfte att mäta det posturala svajet hos patienterna. Vid balansutvärdering är det viktigt att de instrument som används är validitets och reliabilitetstestade.

Umeå Energi are working towards a goal, that in the year of 2018, they will be completely climate neutral. As a part of this, one target is to reduce their grid losses by 4 % of the 2012 level, which corresponds to an overall reduction of the grid losses of just over 1.7 GWh. In many residential areas, the distribution grid is designed and rated for electric heating as the heating in the houses. As many of the houses later has been converted to other types of heating, their electricity use has decreased and the total power output from many of the secondary substations has decreased significantly. Because of this, many of these stations today are well oversized, which in turn means that the energy losses in these stations are unnecessarily high.In this degree project, 25 secondary substations have been studied, all located in residential areas in and around central Umeå.

In order to avoid harmful substances ending up at the municipal sewage treatment plants, it is important to purify the wastewater at the source. One such source is the wheel washers available in many tire garages which are used to wash the wheels on our vehicles when we change between summer and winter tires. It is important to wash the wheels before storage, to extend the tires lifetime. The purpose of this study is to find a green innovative solution for reduction of emissions of heavy metals at the source, so that the sludge from the sewage treatment plants can be used as fertilizer. The target is to find a wheel wash method which leads to compliance with the guidelines for car washers, and that also provides a better washing result than with the existing method.

Fenomenet utsläppsrätter introducerades i Sverige år 2005, detta medförde ett nytt redovisningstekniskt problem för företagen att ta ställning till. IASB:s tolkningskommitté IFRIC gjorde ett uttalande IFRIC 3 ?Emission Rights? som föreskrev att utsläppsrätterna skulle klassificeras som en immateriell tillgång. Detta uttalande drogs tillbaka då en ändring i IAS 38 var nödvändig för att undvika en ?missmatch? mellan intäkt och kostnad.

Bakgrund och problem Mot bakgrund av den tilltagande globaliseringen ökar efterfrågan på transport ständigt. Eftersom sjöfarten idag svarar för 90 % av världens transporter är det centralt att se över vilka möjligheter som finns att minska utsläppen av koldioxid, svavel- och kväveoxider. Vidare undersöks även vilka åtgärder rederierna idag vidtar samt vilka åtgärder som kommer att utvecklas i framtiden.Metod I arbetsprocessen har forskaren använt sig av en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi med en deduktiv ansats. Sekundärdata har samlats in genom litteratur och vetenskapliga artiklar. Primärdata har insamlats genom intervjuer med miljöansvariga respondenter på fem olika rederier.Teoretiskt Ramverk Presentation av utsläppsgaser och effekten de har på miljön, vidare presenteras även vad som finns lagstiftat kring utsläpp av dessa avgaser.

Företaget Flextronics AB i Linköping testar moderna mobiltelefoner för tillverkares räkning. Som examensarbete har jag fått företagets uppdrag att utvärdera och förbättra deras testsystem DVT-UMTS (3G).DVT-UMTS är ett komplext system av komponenter, och man misstänker att dessa stör varandra inbördes, vilket i sin tur kan ge felaktiga mätresultat.Beträffande mottagarsidan hos en mobiltelefon tror man att DVT-UMTS p g a störningar, s k intermodulationsprodukter, uppvisar bitfelshalter i testet Rx Out of band blocking. Komponenter som kan tänkas ge störningar är continuous wave-generator och basstationssimulatorn. Antennanslutningen bortses från i undersökningen. Kontroll av CW-generatorn sker med hjälp av lågpassfilter, riktkopplare och dämpare.

Fog is a small-scale weather phenomenon that are fascinating to people. However, the presence of fog in road traffic reduces the visibility and increases the risk of road accidents. By the Swedish Road Weather Information System (VViS), the safety on roads could ameliorate and road accidents caused by fog and other weather hazards could be prevented. Fog is however a complex and usually local phenomenon, why fog formation generally is not easy to predict. For that reason, a statistical mapping of fog, especially along a motorway with high traffic volumes, could be useful in planning to prevent road accidents.

Due to the increase of the emission of greenhouse gas and climate changes more and more customers demand environmentally sustainable products. The increased demand of sustainable products from cradle to grave is something that has affected the food sector. Many retailers within the food sector feel that they are less or more forced to be environmentally friendly. Nowadays many retailers have chosen to show customers and stakeholders that they want to ?do good? by publishing annual sustainability reports. The Swedish food market has been one of many markets investing in being environmentally friendly.

In the EU the amount of waste increased by 14 percent during the years 2000 to 2010. EU?s target to reduce waste generation runs parallel with the aim of increasing the efficiency and profitability aligned with energy recovery. In Sweden the energy recovery through incineration is increasing steadily, and 46 percent of the municipal solid waste (MSW) is treated by combustion. This report aims to examine the profitability of processing MSW into Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) from an economic-, energy- and environmental perspective.

Testing and analysis of measurement data is a major part of the workday for development engineers within the section Fluid and Emission Treatment to assure the quality of products developed by Scania CV. The ineluctable variation and therefore uncertainty of results can be quantified and discussed with the use of statistical methods.The overall objective of this study is to examine how the competence of development engineers can be improved within the area of statistics. This has been done by relating the concept of competence with the use of statistical methods to analyse experimental data and by investigating which factors that influence the competence of the engineers. Observations of the daily operations, interviews and a focus group with development engineers and a workshop with management personnel, has been used as research methods in this study.The results show that the desired competence, from the perspective of the individual, consists of knowledge, motivation and support. It is important that none of these parts are neglected when the competence of engineers is to be strengthened.

Åfors glasswork was a company which started in 1876 and closed in 2012 due to the bad economical situation in the company. After its closure, the glasswork left behind contaminated soil with different concentrations of heavy metals such as, arsenic from arsenic trioxide, a chemical used to remove bubbles during the melting of glass, and lead oxide, a chemical used in the production of crystal glass. Crystal glass?s production occurred under 1921-1971, but emissions of lead into the air from Åfors glasswork continued until 2011, because of the artist Bertil Valliens? artglas was made in Åfors glasswork from 1970?s and onwards.The aim of this study was to estimate how much lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) that were released by Åfors Glasswork into the atmosphere during the operational period of the glasswork in comparison with how much of lead and arsenic were purchased for the company. Added to the assistance of the data from National Archives the variations in the activities of Åfors glasswork could be shown.

Introduction: Pregnancy, obesity, aging and certain diseases are examples of conditions thataffect the body, its constitution and composition. Simpler methods to estimate bodycomposition are needed to complement more advanced traditional methods to better identifythe health status without sacrificing accuracy and precision.Objective: To validate the results of body composition from bioelectrical impedancespectroscopy (BIS) against results from the study reference method, dual energy X-rayabsorption (DXA), in overweight and obese lactating women after childbirth.Method: The design of the LEVA-study (Lifestyle for Effective Weight loss during lactation)consisted both intervention and longitudinal follow-up, which gave the opportunity tovalidate the absolute values (accuracy) and the ability to detect changes (precision). Themean difference between methods was tested statistically by paired t-test. Bland-Altman plotsused to examine the degree of agreement between BIS and DXA, but also distribution andany systematic differences. Association between methods was measured by using Pearson´scorrelation coefficient.Results: Between BIS and DXA, absolute measurements of the variables fat-free mass (FFM)and fat mass (FM) showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001).

Skärgårdsstiftelsen, which is responsible for several of the archipelago islands in Stockholm, has chosen to explore the possibilities for more sustainable heating systems in buildings on the islands in collaboration with KTH. A reduction of energy use and improving the efficiency of existing heating systems are included as part of the environmental work. This report studies the island of Grinda, which is located outside the area of Vaxholm in Stockholm. The study area consists of a guesthouse consisting of a restaurant as well as conference facilities and four neighboring cottages used for overnighting. The cottages now run solely on direct electricity, both for heating and hot water.

Periods of hypoxia are a recurring issue in Brunnsviken. Main factors that trigger hypoxia in Brunnsviken are eutrophication  due to anthropogenic emission of nutrients, stratification in the water column due to salinity and temperature differences  that prevents mixing and a sill inlet that prevents water exchange. As an attempt to improve the oxygen levels, bottom water is pumped from Brunnsviken causing aerated surface water to flow back into the basin.  The objective of this Master?s thesis was to study the change in dissolved oxygen levels due to pumping.

Bakgrund: Behovet av reliabla, kliniskt användbara utvärderingsinstrument för sjukgymnastinsatser inom pediatrik är stort. Studien undersöker huruvida klassifikationssystemet ICF (Klassifikation av funktionstillstånd, funktionshinder och hälsa) bidrar till detta.Syfte: Undersöka test-retest-reliabilitet för nio utvalda moment avseende ?Att gå och röra sig omkring? under kapitlet Förflyttning inom komponenten Aktivitet och Delaktighet i ICF för ungdomar med fysiska funktionshinder pga cerebral pares (CP), genom att låta ungdomarna själva och en föräldrer bedöma ungdomens funktionsförmåga.Även undersöka om det föreligger skillnader mellan ungdomarnas respektiveföräldrarnas bedömningar.Metod: Studiematerialet utgjordes av 33 ungdomar, med respektive förälder, på högstadieoch gymnasienivå, med diagnosen CP, GMFCS I-III (Gross Motor Function Classification System).Överenstämmelsen mellan bedömningstillfällena beräknades med hjälp av Spearman Correlation Coefficient samt Elisabeth Svenssons metod för stabilitet mellan två mättillfällen.Skillnader mellan ungdomarnas respektive föräldrarnas bedömningar beräknades med hjälp av Fisher?s Exact Test. Konfidensintervall och Z-score beräknades också utifrån Elisabeth Svenssons metod.Resultat: Beräkningarna avseende överensstämmelse visade sammantaget att sju av de nio momenten bedömdes äga tillfredsställande tillförlitlighet såvida föräldern genomförde bedömningen, medan så var fallet för endast tre av momenten, när ungdomen gjorde bedömningen.Beräkningar avseende skillnader mellan ungdomarnas respektive föräldrarnas bedömningar visade sammantaget signifikant skillnad för tre av momenten.Konklusion: Resultatet visade att sju av de nio testade momenten sammantaget kunde beaktas som reliabla beträffande bedömning av gång- och förflyttningsförmåga för ungdomar med CP, GMFCS I-III. Tillförlitligheten var generellt sett högre såvida föräldern gjorde bedömningen.Skillnader mellan ungdomarnas respektive föräldrarnas bedömningar förekom sammantaget för tre av momenten..