Det idag väldigt populära riskmåttet Value-at-Risk (VaR) kan beräknas på många olika sätt. En metod som använder sig av extremvärdesteori (EVT) för att estimera VaR utvecklades under 1990-talet som ett alternativ till de traditionella VaR metoderna. EVT fokuserar på fördelningens svans, eftersom det är här de extrema observationerna uppträder. I denna studie undersöker vi hur framgångsrik extremvärdesmetoden är när det kommer till att estimera VaR för råvaror, en typ av tillgång som karakteriseras av att vara extremt volatil och därmed speciellt svår att riskbedöma. Våra resultat pekar på att extremvärdesteorin erbjuder ett intressant alternativ när man önskar att estimera VaR för volatila råvaror.

The rise in prevalence and severity of obesity and related diseases imposes increasing costs on society. The objective of this thesis is to discuss and estimate the possible effects of a so-called fat tax as a tool for minimizing these costs. Two alternatives for differentiation of the value-added tax (VAT) on food are compared. The first alternative is an increase of the VAT levied on food containing saturated fatty acids. The second alternative is a subsidy on fruit and vegetables in the form of a VAT at zero percent, instead of today?s twelve percent.

The aim ofthis study was to examine how economic growth affects the level of democracy inauthoritarian states. Some of these states have experienced high economicgrowth. However, one can discuss how it affects the country?s democratization-process.For that reason this study was needed to contribute to a clarification of howeconomic growth can affect authoritarian rule and democratization. This wasdone through an examination of the development in China.

The purpose of this study is to examine how EU-migrants visiting the social project Crossroads experience their life situation in the Swedish society. Two questions were formulated: (1) How do the respondents describe their situation when it comes to work, housing and social network? (2) How do the interviewees describe and experience the social project Crossroads? The method used was qualitative interviews conducted with five EU-migrants who visited Crossroads. The theoretical framework is the concept of integration and Bauböcks (1996) theoretical model of the ideal society. The results show that none of the interviewees had their own accommodation.

The aim of this thesis is to study the cause of Egypt´s failed development of the transition to democracy and vice versa, the reason why Turkey succeeded in democratic transition. Thesis methodology is a comparative analysis between design units Egypt and Turkey. Thus, the most similar design used in the investigation.European Commission began in 1998 to review Turkey´s political and economic reforms to fulfil the Copenhagen criteria. 2005 began negotiations on a Turkish- EU membership. U.S and Egypt have enjoyed close economic, security and democratic cooperation since 1975.

The purpose of this thesis is to cast light on the residential area Rosengård in Malmö which during the years between 1965 to 1975 was part of a programme known as "Miljonprogrammet", a project which was supposed to put an end to the housing shortages. The purpose of this thesis is also to investigate the social consequences in Rosengård, which arose as a result of Miljonprogrammet. Rosengård is one of many immigrant-dense suburbs in Sweden that by the media is given an exaggerated negative portrayal. Through our work, we also want to bring out and highlight the true image of Rosengård. The questions that have served as our starting ground include; what were the thoughts behind Miljonprogrammet? What were the consequences of Miljonprogrammet? What does the true image of Rosengård look like? What can the new government do in order to improve the situation in Rosengård? In order to answer these questions, four interviews were conducted with specifically chosen people.

I denna uppsats undersöks om det förekommer fiskal illusion i det svenska pensionssystemet. Fiskal illusion innebär att en felaktig bild av sambandet mellan kostnader och förmåner i det offentliga systemet uppstått hos medborgarna. Vi utreder vad en sådan illusion kan bero på, vilken betydelser den har och vilka åtgärder som kan vidtas för att minska den. Det framkommer att fiskal illusion existerar och att den till stor del beror på utformningen av pensionsavgifterna. Framförallt är det uppdelningen i en arbetsgivaravgift och en egenavgift, samt att båda betalas in av arbetsgivaren som leder till oklarheter.

The Swedish government has made the decision to transform the talking book system from an analogue system to a digital system called DAISY by the end of 2004. The purpose of this Masters thesis is to examine how public libraries are affected by this system change. This is carried out by studying the current situation in public libraries concerning the transition to DAISY. This qualitative oriented study is primarily based on interviews with four librarians and three library managers at six public libraries. Management by objectives is here seen as a suitably theoretical framework since public municipal libraries are partly regulated by the governments goals and laws.

I uppsatsen studerar jag hur Institutet för arbetsmarknadspolitisk utvärdering (IFAU) har följt upp och utvärderat det svenska friårsförsöket. Jag undersöker om deras tillvägagångssätt stämmer överens med hur man teoretiskt bör följa upp och utvärdera arbetsmarknadspolitiska program. Hemström med fleras (2002) ?Att följa upp och utvärdera arbetsmarknadspolitiska program? ligger som huvudsaklig teoretisk grund för studien. IFAU:s uppföljningar av friårsförsöket stämmer till stora delar överens med vad man bör ha med i enkla uppföljningar av program och de har även studerat hur implementeringsprocessen av friårsförsöket har gått till.

Background: Small businesses are key participants in the growth at the Swedish market, partly for the labour opportunities, the technology and economic development. These companies should get resources to grow, both political and economic resources. The medtech companies in an introduction and expansion phase meet with problems concerning the financing of their growth. Key participants whom offer financing are Venture Capitalists.Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine Venture Capitalists demands on medtech companies in an introduction and expansion phase. A comparison between the demands and how well medtech companies achieve them will be done.

The aim of this study is to describe how unemployment is experienced by unemployed persons and how this situation affects their health and wellbeing. A qualitative semi structured interview method has been applied. The study includes seven persons in the age between 29- 58. Four of them were women and three were men. The following four themes are presented in the study: psychological health and wellbeing and how unemployment is experienced, social factors, economic factors and, how they value a job.

I vår uppsats ?Lyckas svenska hedgefonder kombinera strategisk och taktisk tillgångsallokering? undersöker vi om svenska hedgefondförvaltare använder sig av en kombination av alfa- och betastrategier för att på så sätt generera en högre avkastning än den som fås genom att endast tillämpa strategisk tillgångsallokering. Detta gör vi genom att titta på de lineära sambanden mellan hedgefondernas avkastning och marknadens. Våra resultat pekar på att denna distinktion inte görs bland de svenska förvaltarna. Vårt resultat kan dock vara en produkt av svårigheten att finna ett komplett datamaterial över en längre tidsperiod.

BACKGROUND & During the last century, the Swedish chemical industry has developedPROBLEM: considerably in regard to respecting the environment. Following various discharges and pollutions during the first half of the 20th century, environmental concepts such as CSR, Responsible Care and REACH have developed in order to improve the situation. Today, environmental issues play a central role in the society, but what are the reasons behind this increased environmental commitment? PURPOSE & The purpose of this thesis paper is to study the driving forces behindDELIMITATIONS: the increased environmental awareness in companies. Is this mainly due to stricter legislations, or do factors like pressure from the general public, the industry or customers play a more vital role? Furthermore, do economic incentives exist, that make it interesting for companies to invest in environmental awareness? Since the chemical industry spans over a wide spectrum in regard to environmental issues, this paper will focus on a specific area of the industry.

The economic development and industrialization that has taken place in many parts of the world during the past century has brought about a huge increase in economic welfare. During this process, it has repeatedly been debated whether the gains from economic development are shared by everyone or just a few. In the field of economics, vast research has been conducted on this particular subject ever since the 1950?s. The most famous contribution might be said to be Simon Kuznets article, Growth and Income Inequality from 1955 and the ?inverted U?-hypothesis that was formulated on the basis of that article.

The economic development and industrialization that has taken place in many parts of the world during the past century has brought about a huge increase in economic welfare. During this process, it has repeatedly been debated whether the gains from economic development are shared by everyone or just a few. In the field of economics, vast research has been conducted on this particular subject ever since the 1950?s. The most famous contribution might be said to be Simon Kuznets article, Growth and Income Inequality from 1955 and the ?inverted U?-hypothesis that was formulated on the basis of that article.