In Sweden, lowest acceptable haemoglobin levels in blood donators are 125g/L for women and 135g/L for men for a test sample taken in the beginning of the blood Donation. Levels, which are 10g/L lower, are accepted if the sample is taken after the blood Donation. Earlier studies show that the haemoglobin level decreases for a person that is lying down.The two aims of this study were to examine how much the haemoglobin levels change during blood Donation and to examine if the photometrical instrument Pronto-7TM shows equivalent results to that of the established method Cell-Dyn Sapphire.In the study, 120 blood donors participated. Blood samples were taken in the beginning and in the end of the Donation. Analyses by Pronto-7TM were done before and after the Donation.The haemoglobin level decreased significantly during the blood Donation.

Background:Breast milk has many good qualities and recommendations declare that breast milk alone is the most favorable choice for newborn babies up to six months of age. When the mother can´t provide her own breast milk for her baby, donor milk is a valuable source. Unfortunately the demand is often higher than the supply and thereby milk banks suffer from shortages. Aim: Highlighting women's experiences of being milk donors. Method: The study has been conducted as a literature review in which existing research has been used.

Throughout the years more and more charitable organisations have appeared and the competition between them has increased. This has forced the charities to use more marketing strategies in their work in order to strengthen their competitiveness. Research in philanthropy in terms of economy and marketing has been neglected in Sweden and the research that is done today is mainly focused on why individuals donate to charity. A Donation, according to the writers of this thesis, has been seen as an economical activity and can therefore be explained and understood through economical models and theories. This thesis aims to see how a contributor to charity makes the decision to donate money, consequently see how the Donation decision process actually works from a theoretical model of a buying decision process from marketing literature. The purpose of this thesis is therefore to from a buying decision process concerning products describe the Donation decision process for contributors to charity. By achieving this purpose the writers aim to compare if a Donation decision process go through certain steps similar to a buying decision process.

Bakgrund: Donation av vävnad och/eller organ behövs för att hålla igång transplantationsverksamheten. Transplantation har funnits länge och har växt avsevärt de senaste åren. Trots detta råder det brist på donatorer och kunskap inom området för allmänheten.Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka kunskap och attityder kring Donation och transplantation bland sjuksköterskestudenter, samt undersöka om det finns någon skillnad mellan män och kvinnor gällande kunskap och attityder.Metod: Webbenkät med 439 deltagare på sjuksköterskeprogrammet termin 1-6, där 84 svarade på enkäten. Totalt 22 män och 62 kvinnor.Resultat:De största angivna anledningarna till att inte donera var etiska skäl 17%, (n=14) samt avsaknad av kunskap 17%, (n=14). Resultaten kunde ej påvisa signifikanta skillnader mellan könen i frågor som attityder, benägenhet samt anledningar till att donera respektive inte donera.

Involuntary childlessness is a big problem around the world. One way to solve the problem is to receive oocytes or semen from a donor. In Sweden, semen Donation has been regulated by law since 1985 and oocyte Donation since 2003. The aim of this study was to investigate what motivations women and men in Sweden have to donate gametes, if they feel any ambivalence to donate, and to compare if there is any difference in motivation and ambivalence between women and men. Motivation was measured with eight statements based on previous results and clinical experience.

There is a shortage of organs available for Donation worldwide. There have been several campaigns to try to increase the numbers of registrered donors. The topic has been brought to the forefront but more work is still needed to distribute information to the public.The aim of this literature review was to examine what influences people in their decision to donate their organs or not, and what role nurses play in providing the most current information available. The study found that there was several different reasons given for not donating their organs. A great number of people were convinced that their religion was against organ Donation.

In the early 1860´s, the author and opinion former Fredrika Bremer made a large Donation of books to Högre lärarinneseminariet, which is the first governmental institute for higher education of women in Sweden. The aim of this thesis is to describe the collection of donated books as well as to extract information regarding Bremer's international network of contacts, her views on women's education and her relation to Högre lärarinneseminariet. Furthermore, the aim is to highlight the unique relationship between Fredrika Bremer's private collection of the books and the library of Högre lärarinneseminariet from a gender perspective. A handwritten list of the 321 titles constitutin the Donation has been preserved in the seminar archive and three quarters of the books have been re-discovered in a bookcase at Årsta castle. The Donation is characterized by its double origin as stamps and personal dedications remain as permanent traces in the books.

Background: There are many people waiting for a kidney transplant. To get a kidney from a living donor has many advantages. The gift is about giving and receiving. The decision is characterized by life-philosophy of the donor.Aim: To highlight the experiences of the kidney Donation process.Methods: A systematic literature review in which 11 articles were included, seven qualitative and four quantitative. The articles are quality and ethically reviewed, the results are analyzed according Granskär & Höglund and Polit & Beck.Results: The results were gathered under two themes: the decision-process shows the path from idea to decision and implementation-process treats the Donation and confirmation of the gift.

The aim of the thesis is twofold: the first aim is to identify a number of reproductive logics that are used to construct Swedish regulation of embryo Donation for reproductive use as either ethical or unethical in the governmental ? and medical discussions ? and to examine how these logics are interconnected with notions of gender and parenthood. The second aim is to identify a number of tensions that arise in the application of the governmental ethical logic on the embryo and embryo Donation and discuss how these tensions can be solved with a feminist material approach. I argue that the terminology used to distinguish between genetic, biological, social and legal parenthood in my material is insufficient for understanding the value of the embryo outside its pre-human status. I therefore argue for an embryonic feminist bioethics that is attentive to the embryos post-human status, and for a reformulation of the parenthood terminology in line with what I call ?reproductive ties?..

In the early 1860´s, the author and opinion former Fredrika Bremer made a large Donation of books to Högre lärarinneseminariet, which is the first governmental institute for higher education of women in Sweden. The aim of this thesis is to describe the collection of donated books as well as to extract information regarding Bremer's international network of contacts, her views on women's education and her relation to Högre lärarinneseminariet. Furthermore, the aim is to highlight the unique relationship between Fredrika Bremer's private collection of the books and the library of Högre lärarinneseminariet from a gender perspective. A handwritten list of the 321 titles constitutin the Donation has been preserved in the seminar archive and three quarters of the books have been re-discovered in a bookcase at Årsta castle. The Donation is characterized by its double origin as stamps and personal dedications remain as permanent traces in the books.

En operationssjuksköterska kan under sin yrkesverksamma tid förväntas att ansvara vid en operation där patienten konstaterats hjärndöd och det beslutats att organDonation ska genomföras. Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva operationssjuksköterskors erfarenheter vid organDonation när donatorn är hjärndöd. Studien har en kvalitativ ansats, där forskarna strävar efter en helhetsförståelse av det studerade intresseområdet. Datainsamling utfördes via ostrukturerade intervjuer med öppna frågor. Sju intervjuer genomfördes med operationssjuksköterskor som medverkat vid organDonation när donatorn var hjärndöd.

IntroduktionGenom klinisk erfarenhet är det känt att bemötandet av närstående är en central fråga för hela Donationsprocessen, men närstående till organdonatorer framstår samtidigt som en eftersatt grupp när det gäller uppföljning. Att ta fram vetenskaplig kunskap om närståendes erfarenheter av Donationsprocessen är nödvändigt för förståelsen och bemötandet av dessa personer.SyfteSyftet med denna studie var att kartlägga närståendes erfarenheter av Donationsprocessen såväl i det akuta skedet som efter att själva Donationen har genomförts. MetodStudien har genomförts i form av en enkät. Enkäten skickades ut till 74 närstående som hade haft en anhörig som avlidit och blivit en organ- och vävnadsdonator. Enkäten besvarades av 54 % (n=40).

Following the wake of the AIDS-catastrophe in the beginning of the eighties, homosexual men or 'men who have sex with men' (MSM) have been barred from donating blood throughout the planet. In this thesis I look into the different discourses at play in the context of creating the legal framework for blood Donation in Sweden. Genealogically tracing the emergence of the category of MSM and mapping how the category is brought to use in contemporary negotiations on blood safety, I scrutinize how scientific truth is established within blood transfusion practice. I argue that the rationality of risk group exclusion is contingent on economical grounds, and that the foucauldian concept of biopolitics could productively be used to understand this rationality. In particular, the concept of the 'biopolitics of blood' can be employed in order to understand the reluctance from the involved actors to acknowledge the heteronormative consequences of the legal framework of contemporary blood Donation..

Bakgrund Idag väntar många Svenska medborgare på ett eller flera nya organ. Organ doneras av personer som har avlidit i total hjärninfarkt. Intensivvårdssjuksköterskorna vårdar både organdonator och närstående till organdonator. Mötet mellan närstående och intensivvårdssjuksköterskan är ett mycket speciellt möte då de närstående är i en sorg- och krissituation. Syftet är att beskriva intensivvårdssjuksköterskors upplevelser av mötet med närstående till patienter som avlidit akut och som blivit organdonatorer.

Bakgrund: Bröstmjölk har positiv inverkan på nyfödda barns hälsa, särskilt för förtidigt föddaoch sjuka barn. Donation av bröstmjölk ger fler nyfödda barn som behöver vård på sjukhusmöjligheten att få bröstmjölk som näring under deras första tid i livet.Syfte: Att undersöka kvinnors upplevelser av att donera bröstmjölk samt att undersöka hurkvinnor som donerat bröstmjölk tror att antalet donatorer kan ökas.Metod: En kvalitativ enkätstudie. 23 enkäter skickades ut till kvinnor som donerat bröstmjölktill Akademiska Barnsjukhuset i Uppsala under perioden 130831 ? 140901.Resultat: Kvinnorna hade övervägande positiva upplevelser av att donera bröstmjölk. Denfrämsta anledningen till valet av Donation var viljan att hjälpa behövande barn.