This thesis has been a part of Forsmarks Kraftgrupp AB's evaluation of a turbulencemodel used in simulation of turbulent flow called PRNS (Partially Resolved NumericalSimulation). This model has promising properties and may be of use in savingcomputational resources. The purpose of this thesis was to analyze this model andcompare it with industrially applied models such as k-omega SST and LES (Large EddySimulations).PRNS works as a hybrid of the k-omega SST and DNS (Direct Numerical Simulation)where a constant, RCP (Resolution Control Parameter) with a value between 0 and 1are selected. This constant is then used in the calculations and determines thebehavior of the simulation. When RCP is set to zero the equation are the same as fora DNS simulation and when RCP is set to one the equations for k-omega SST issolved.

Aim: Auditors objectivity is an obvious part of auditing, but there is doubts and hesitation in society today because of the corporate scandals that have occurred in recent years. Several researchers suggest that auditors actions and behaviors is connected to the ethical climate within the organization. A relationship that also affects auditors objectivity and independence. This thesis aims to investigate how the ethical climate influence auditors choice of relationship to their clients, by choosing a relational and close relationship or a transactional and distanced relationship. And if the client approach have an effect on the auditors objectivity.Method: A survey was conducted among 232 certified accountants in Sweden.

Examensarbetet har utfo?rts i samarbete med fo?retaget LVI (Low Vision International) som tillverkar elektroniska hja?lpmedel fo?r synskadade. LVI utva?rderar vid ja?mna mellanrum nya LCD-bildska?rmar fo?r deras produkter. LVI beho?ver metoder samt utrustning fo?r att ma?ta bildska?rmars responstid och latens.

In the production of pulp, paper and cardboard, a large amount of water is used daily. The water has to be purified in the internal purifying plant before it reaches the receiving body of water. In the biological purifying stage at the Stora Enso Skoghall mill, an aerated basin is used where the microorganisms, using oxygen, oxidize the organic material to carbon dioxide. The air is pumped from the bottom of the basin and the oxygen can then be transported from the air bubbles to the water through diffusion. The problem with aeration of waste water from the forest industry is that wood residues, such as fatty acids, are making the transport of oxygen in water more difficult.

Bakgrund: Studier har visat sig att barns postoperativa smärta i många fall är otillräckligt behandlad och barnen upplever ofta smärta som något obehagligt och skrämmande. Barn kan påverkas negativt av smärta och de kan utveckla skadliga beteendeförändringar efter en operation på grund av otillräckligt behandlad postoperativ smärta.Syfte: Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka hur barnen, på en specifik kirurgavdelning, mår under det första dygnet efter en operation då de blivit sövda, avseende deras postoperativa smärta. Om möjligt ska grupper som har ökad risk för otillräcklig postoperativ smärtlindring försöka identifieras.Metod: En kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie baserad på ett konsekutivt urval. Deltagarna består av barn på en kirurgavdelning i åldrarna 4-16 år som alla har genomgått en operation där de blivit sövda. De har fått besvara en enkät om sin smärta ett dygn efter operation.Resultat: I studien deltog 32 barn med en medelålder på 9,25 år.

Today, individual indoor stalls and individual outdoor paddocks are the most common way to house horses in Sweden. The way that we manage, house and feed the horses are not optimal for the species natural basic behavioural needs. However, the awareness of this grows in the context of research and the emergence of alternative housing systems. One of the alternatives to the traditional format in individual boxes is called group housing. Group housing systems allow horses to live in herds and they can choose how they want to distribute the hours of the day between movement, resting and foraging. The purpose of this study is to examine how frequently the young horses in a group housing system use the indoor lying area.

Tall (Pinus sylvestris L.) är ett av Sveriges viktigaste trädslag. Med ökad efterfrågan på vedråvara samt ökade krav på naturavsättningar är det viktigt att öka produktionen i skogen. Röjning och tidig gödsling ger ökad volymproduktion men kan ge icke önskvärd påverkan på vedegenskaper som ökad mikrofibrillvinkel (MFV). MFV är vinkeln mellan mikrofibrillerna i cellväggens S2-lager och cellens längdaxel och påverkas av ståndort samt konkurrensen om ljus och näringsämnen. Höga MFV resulterar i sämre kvalitet på papper och sågade trävaror.

In Sweden has the temporary agency work industry settled in an explosive way since the deregulation of the unemployment agency monopole in 1993. The demand of civil right for the employer that is rented out confronts the entire labour law regulation with new challenges.The purpose with this paper is an investigation of the principle of equal treatment in The Swedish temporary agency work act and also to create a deeper understanding of the effects of labour and employment relationship. An investigation of relevant collective agreements will be done to highlight the difficulties the principal of equal treatment is exposed to. Further on is there a will to gain understanding for the wage concept and what possible can be included in the wage concept in relation to the principal of equal treatment in The temporary agency work directive. By using the dogmatic method, an approach to descriptive identifying relevant sources of law and clarify the legal situation in the area.In the conclusions it will be determined that the principle of equal treatment in The Swedish temporary agency work act have different effects depending on if the temporary agency or if the client corporation is tied to an collective agreement alternative if a collective agreement is completely missing.

I de svenska djurskyddsföreskrifterna anges 1,5 × mankhöjden som lägsta takhöjd i häststall. Det har ifrågasatts om takhöjden påverkar djurets miljö så mycket att föreskriften skall tillämpas strikt även i befintliga stall. Motivet till föreskriften är att hästen skall kunna stå i normal ställning och inte slå i taket om den kastar upp huvudet men också för att ventilationen ska fungera på ett bra sätt. Inga objektiva data har hittats i litteraturen om hur takhöjden påverkar hästens möjlighet att stå i normal ställning eller att lägre takhöjd än den föreskrivna påverkar risken att slå i taket. Varför takhöjden skulle vara viktig för att ventilationen ska fungera på ett bra sätt är oklart. För att djurskyddskontrollerna skulle bli mer likvärdiga fick länsstyrelserna ansvaret för djurskyddskontrollerna 2009.

Since the 1950s, the development of modern rotation forestry in boreal Fennoscandia has resulted in a severe reduction of older forests, and a high degree of fragmentation among the small patches that remains of old forest. In Sweden, when performing conservation value assessments in order to identify and preserve the remaining forest habitats, the government authorities use to a significant extent a set of indicator species that indicate habitats of high biological conservation value. One species considered to indicate high conservation values in pine-heath forests is the red-listed ectomycorrhizal (EM) macrofungi Sarcodon scabrosus (Fr.) P. Karst. In the present study, the validity of using S.

Cnior Mobile AB i Lindesberg utvecklar en mobil trygghetstelefon för äldre. Detta examensarbete går ut på att utforma en handsfree-enhet för denna. Handsfree-enheten ska integreras i larmknappen, som bärs av användaren runt handleden, och har kontakt med telefonen via blåtandsradio. I examensarbetet ingår att välja ut lämplig högtalare och mikrofon, hitta lösningar för smuts- och vattentålighet samt att lösa problem med ekon och bakgrundsstörningar.En högtalare hittades som uppfyllde kraven för smuts- och vattentålighet samtidigt som den hade utmärkt frekvensgång för återgivning av tydligt tal. Vattenavrinning från högtalaren löstes genom att ett sinussvep sänds ut från högtalaren varje gång ett samtal ska kopplas upp.

För att optimera sin teknik i olika kastgrenar använder idrottsmän på elitnivå idag mätningar med höghastighetskameror. Kamerautrustningen är dyr och svår att frakta. Utvärdering av det filmade materialet görs till stor del för hand. För att förenkla mätningarna fanns en ide om ett system som baserar sig på givare monterade inne i kastredskapet. Visionen är att bygga ett kastredskap som kan registrera sina egna rörelser under ett kast.

Today the human being see energy as a matter of course but the resources that is used for extract energy is today not enough for the world demand. Of all the energy that is used in Sweden today approximately 40 % goes to the building stock. This number will most likely increase if not necessary actions will be made on the already existing building stock since new houses constantly are built which will be added up on the already existing energy supply. This takes cause of action on the already existing building stocks, to fulfill the demands of the future use of energy that has been set by the authority. At the same time the thermal conditions cannot be influenced by the necessary changes that must be made.

Background: IT-security is included in the concept of information security, which considers all the security of handling information within an organisation. Good IT-security is about finding the right level of measurement, however, it is hard to implemement new IT-solutions in an organisation, particularly within the health care field, where sensitive information are handled daily. Lately the Swedish government, together with county- and city council, understand the importance of IT and health care. Carelink, an organisation of interest, is working actively for the presumption of benefit by using IT within the health care field. During spring 2006 the Swedish government introduced a national IT-strategy.

To distribute goods to customers in urban areas is necessary to support the economic and social development in the cities, but has consequences that affect both residents of cities as well as the environment. The environmental effects of these types of transport involves not only the emissions of various pollutants, but also an increased noise level inside the cities. Many companies and organizations are working hard to change the distribution pattern to streamline transport in the urban area, while environmental impact is reduced. This is in line with what is called the City Logistics. The purpose of this thesis is to create a method for describing and measuring a given transport solution in order to compare it with an altered transport solution to achieve a more sustainable development.