A high amount of dead wood is one of the most important prerequisites for high biodiversity on forest land in Sweden. Dead wood is most abundant in young forests, thinned forests, woodland key habitats and protected forest land. In old-growth forests most of the dead wood consists of logs and snags, whilst in managed forests a huge proportion of dead wood is made up of logging residues like stumps and FWD, fine woody debris (< 10 cm diameter). All these different types of dead wood may serve as substrates for epixylic bryophytes and lichens. However, few studies have been conducted on the relative importance of these different fractions of dead wood for the occurrence of bryophytes and lichens, especially when considering dead wood on thinned forest land.

SammanfattningFöretaget Bedsab tillverkar dragstrumpor som är ett verktyg som andvänds för att underlättaförflyttningen av vajrar. Den mekaniska funktionen av en dragstrumpa är sådan att vidtryckspänning fås en större diameter och dragstrumpan kan då föras över vajeränden. Viddragspänning får dragstrumpan en mindre diameter än den ursprungliga vilket innebär attdragstrumpan ?låses? kring vajern och kan med hjälp av en applicerad kraft förflytta vajern tillönskad plats. Hos företaget Bedsab sker tillverkningen av dragstrumporna för hand vilket äroerhört slitsamt för operatören men även mycket tidskrävande.Detta examensarbete bygger vidare på ett tidigare projekt där en automatisk flätningsmetodtagits fram för tillverkning av dragstrumpor.

The thesis focuses on the measurement of situational factors affecting brand loyalty in purchases and consumption. A survey is conducted using previously developed scales and 199 respondents. Results show that for the particular product category (ready-to-drink recovery drinks), purchase frequency and the product experience have stronger effects on loyalty than do situational factors such as type of activity and perceived stress. Implications for managers are discussed and suggestions for further research is presented..

För tallen finns många alternativa slutanvändningsområden, och kraven på virket varierar. Några egenskaper som har stor betydelse är stamrakhet, grengrovlek, grenvinkel och om det finns sprötkvist eller ej. Kvalitetsförsämringen i Sydsveriges tallskogar kan vara ett allvarligt problem och härör bl.a. till ökad produktion och rationaliseringar inom skogsbruket. Lönsamhet har varit målet, men har det skett på bekostnad av kvalitet?För att närmare belysa frågan om förekomsten av tall av god kvalitet syftar denna studie till att bedöma rotstockar i konventionellt skötta och stamkvistade bestånd samt deras potential att växa in i värdefulla klasser eller sortiment.Fältstudien är avgränsad till Bergslagen.

This project measures the upper bound of exposure time for laser reflection detection in the software DotDetector. Via measurement of the exposure time for which distortion happens in a room lit with everyday light we conclude that the upper bound for exposure times are 100 milliseconds. This value does not change as long as the lighting in the room is the same. As future work this project proposes variable upper bounds depending on secondary lighting in the room. Also we propose automating the colour masking of the detection algorithm..

Bachelor thesis in Business administration, School of Business and Economics at Linnaeus University, Controller, 2FE05E, spring semester 2013 Title: Non-profit sport associations management control- A multi case study of management tools Authors: Christoffer Ahlgren, Emelie Andersson and Emelie Nilsson Tutor: Anders Jerreling Examiner: Elin Funck Background: Non-profit sport associations activate a large number of people in Sweden and have a great impact on the social community. Because of the increasing complexity to operate sport associations some are experiencing serious financial problems. The daily financial work has a major impact on how the future unfolds for the sport associations. An adverse economy not only creates complications in the economic field, it also affects the sport itself. Purpose: Our purpose with this paper is to describe and explain how the economy is controlled in non-profit sport associations and the tool that is used to support this process.

This study concerns mapping and analysing two different Supply Chains at Setra Group. Setra Group is Sweden?s biggest producer of solid wood and is primarily owned by Sveaskog, Mellanskog and LRF. The Company consist of twelve sawmills, five planning mills and an organisation for distribution of building material. This study maps one chain for Swedish Glulam standard beam and one chain for solid pine flooring on export to Japan. The glulam chain is based on spruce as raw material and includes all actors between sawmill and the Swedish building material retailers.

This MSc thesis is divided into two parts. The first part deals with the need for information from forest campartments selected for clear cutting, in connection with planning in an integrated forest- and sawmill enterprise. A review of literature is followed by a case stud y, where present conditions in a Swedish forest company are compared with current research in the area. The seeond part consists of a simulation stud y, which aims at camparing the accuracy of inventory estimates using different methods. The estimates are delivery forecasts, covering one month consumptian of timber in a large sawmill.

To the sewer systems households, industries and other activities are connected. The wastewater is collected at treatment plants where a nutritious sludge is produced. The sludge does not only contain nutrients, but also hazardous substances originating from different activities in society. To reduce the flow of hazardous substances to treatment plants and to create a sustainable recycling of plant nutrients the Swedish Water & Wastewater Association has developed the certificate system REVAQ. This certificate requires a good quality of the sludge but also that the treatment plants maps the origin of the unwanted substances.

Denna studie behandlar tillväxt och beståndsstruktur samt sambandet mellan dessa i skog skött med blädningsbruk. Blädningsbruk förutsätter fullskiktad skog med fallande diameterfördelning, under nordiska förhållanden vanligtvis dominerad av gran (Picea abies (L.) Karst). Strukturen i fullskiktad skog är resultatet av tillväxt, skörd/mortalitet och inväxning. Kunskap om det komplexa samspelet mellan dessa faktorer ger skogsskötaren möjlighet att planera och sköta fullskiktad skog för en hög och uthållig produktion. Undersökningar och litteratur inom aktuella områden tas upp i en litteraturstudie. Ämnen som behandlas är: definitioner och begrepp, diameterfördelningen i fullskiktad skog och hur denna kan beskrivas, blädning och andra avverkningsstrategier samt tillväxt- och produktionsundersökningar i Norden, Europa och USA.

Varje år genomför Södra skogsägarna gallringsuppföljning av samtliga maskinlag som gallrar för Södra. En del av bestånden som blir uppföljda har en låg grundyta efter gallringen, utan att de har blivit gallrade hårt. Målen med rapporten var att undersöka om dessa bestånd har några särskilda egenskaper som gör att man kan identifiera dem före gallring och undvika att de blir för glesa samt studera effekterna av ett glest bestånd. Totalt inventerades 19 granbestånd som blivit första gallrade och inventerade för fyra eller fem år sedan. Vid den tidigare inventeringen så hade tio bestånd låg grundyta och nio hade en normal grundyta efter gallringen. Vid inventeringen klavades samma träd i brösthöjd som vid det första tillfället, vidare mättes höjden på det grövsta trädet på provytan-. Södra nyttjar simuleringsverktyget INGVAR för att skatta tillväxt och se gallringsbehov.

This study was performed to investigate the possibility to use ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool for sub-clinical mastitis in dairy cows. Five cows with high cell counts, and four cows with low cell counts were selected as cases and controls, respectively, and their udders examined with ultrasound during a 5 week period. The image of the udders of cows with high cell counts exhibited small, hyper-echoic, rounded foci, approximately 1 cm in diameter, near the milk cisterns and the base of the teats. These changes were not found consistently in all cows with high cell count, however. Ultrasonography may be a valuable complementary tool in the diagnosis of sub-clinical mastitis in dairy cow, but more cases need to be monitored before its full value can be ascertained..

This report describes the construction work of a radar antenna for the radar systemCARABAS. CARABAS is a long wave airborne ground radar that has been developed bySAAB Microwave Systems and will now be mounted on a small helicopter, Schweizer 300.The antenna should be able to fold up and down. When the radar is in use the antenna islowered and under transport, start and landing the antenna is folded up. An emergency dropfunction should also be included in the design of CARABAS III.The extent of this report includes construction of the antenna, frame structure attached to thehelicopter, mechanism for folding the antenna up and down and mechanism for emergencydrop function. The mechanical design of the antenna and frame structure is based on modaland stress analysis, vibration measurement of Schweizer 300 and frequency analysis, andcalculations regarding aerodynamic drag and mechanics.The exciting frequencies of the helicopter and accelerations at those frequencies weredetermined by vibration measurement and frequency analysis.

This report is a thesis work for a B.Sc. in Forestry at the School for Forest Engineers, SLU. The aim of the work was to compare two different pricelists with the actual output from a harvester. The results have also been compared with a volume estimate of standing trees done by the Swedish Forest Agency and the ?true? value registered by the Wood Measurement Association. The study confirms that the output calculated by the computer on the harvester is more reliable than the volume of standing trees estimated by Swedish Forest Agency. .

This study is a part of a larger project where the aim has been to evaluate different methods to assure the quality in stallion semen, due to the fact that some stallions in horse breeding have poor semen quality. The increased use of transport semen requires new methods to ensure good semen quality. In this part of the project the viability and concentration in fresh and cooled semen was examined with NucleoCounter SP-100. A comparison between two different commercially available semen extenders, Kenney?s and INRA 96, was made.