Övervikt och fetma hos barn och ungdomar har blivit allt mer förekommande och prevalensen ökar dramatiskt över hela världen. Sedan raffinerade kolhydrater introducerades har även kariessjukdomen fått större utbredning. Då det finns gemensamma bakomliggande faktorer som påverkar både vikt och kariesprevalens vill vi i vår litteraturstudie undersöka om det finns något samband mellan body mass index (BMI) och kariesprevalens för barn och ungdomar. Efter sökningar i den medicinska databasen PubMed på artiklar från de senaste 5 åren fann vi oeniga resultat med jämn fördelning. Resultatet av litteraturstudien är att två av de undersökta studierna tyder på att det inte finns något samband mellan BMI och kariesprevalens, lika många anser att det finns en svag eller möjlig association, medan två studier ansåg att det fanns ett signifikant samband.

The prevailing food and energy crisis of the world, due to the declining reserves of fossil energy and a never ending rise of consumption, forces us to look into new fields to supply our energy demand. The boom of bio energy is criticized, as food crops are used to provide biodiesel and ethanol and the volumes are ridiculously small to supply world demand. Algae are one of the world?s oldest life forms and exist in many different phyla, providing a great variety to choose from, for different purposes. Cultivating microalgae offer a way to produce energy at great volumes without competing with food production and at the same time the algae offer a way to use our expensive nutrients in a more efficient way, besides this the algae are carbon dioxide neutral since their carbon source can be supplied by the atmosphere and the additional energy required can be supplied by algal oil or other renewable sources.

Uppsatsens syfte är att jämföra risk och avkastning från en etisk fond med risk och avkastning från åtta slumpmässigt valda fonder och SIX RX-index för att utreda om etiska investeringar är jämförbara med andra investeringar. Skälet till att en egen etisk fond sätts samman är att vi ser problem med innehållet i etablerade etiska fonder.Genom att ställa upp finansiella och etiska kriterier har vi valt ut 34 bolag som ingår i vår egenkonstruerade etiska fond. För att uppfylla vårt syfte har vi valt att jämföra fondernas utveckling genom att studera fondernas avkastning, risk och sharpe-kvot under perioden 2002 - 2004.Inledningsvis placeras uppsatsen i ett teoriskt ramverk och den effektiva marknadens relevans för arbetet förklaras. Därefter följer en allmän diskussion om små placerares val och möjligheter i fråga om sparande. Utvärdering av fonder beskrivs därefter ingående och tre olika metoder att mäta en fonds prestation diskuteras.

In order to avoid harmful substances ending up at the municipal sewage treatment plants, it is important to purify the wastewater at the source. One such source is the wheel washers available in many tire garages which are used to wash the wheels on our vehicles when we change between summer and winter tires. It is important to wash the wheels before storage, to extend the tires lifetime. The purpose of this study is to find a green innovative solution for reduction of emissions of heavy metals at the source, so that the sludge from the sewage treatment plants can be used as fertilizer. The target is to find a wheel wash method which leads to compliance with the guidelines for car washers, and that also provides a better washing result than with the existing method.

Because of the increasing trends in energy consumption and increased environmental awareness, greater focus has been placed on improvement and development of renewable energy sources. An already proven and accepted method is biogas production from anaerobic digestion at municipal wastewater treatment plants.In the waste water treatment process solid material and dissolved pollutants are separated from the water, forming a sludge. The sludge is separated from the process and stabilized during anaerobic digestion or aerobic aeration. Most often, mesophilic anaerobic digestion is used. Because of degradation by microorganisms, biogas with a high content of methane is formed during the digestion.

Climate changing is a growing problem for many countries and communities over the world. The cities has a huge work to deal with in their reforcements of their cities to be resilient ones. This thesis makes an effort to investigate and illuminate some of the problem the cities has to solve related to flooding, hazards, erosions, rising sea levels and crotches. This thesis will help to find solutions that international and national efforts has produced and handed out to each other. A lot of communities are charing their excellent tools that works for them.

Earlier investigations showed that damages on timber from feeding rolls could be within the lower classes of damage according to VMRs classes. Knowledge about differences in productivity between kind types and aggressive types of feeding rolls is necessary because it should influence the question about damages on timber caused by different feeding rolls. In this study the production and timber damage in a harvesting head were evaluated at three levels of pressure (8, 10 and 14 MPa) on the feeding rolls, and with three different types of rolls. One type, the rubber cushioned steel plate roller had 10 mm studs and rubber damping, one ?middle? type made of solid steel with 14 mm studs, and one aggressive type, also made of solid steel with 18 mm studs.

Arvika Fjärrvärme AB, a district heating company from Arvika, today cover 74 % of their total energy production with biofuel wich runs a 16 MW bioler giving process water at saturated liquid state.In recent years Vaporel AB has introduced a new tecnique that gives an external generation of steam after boilers. The concept is built on an adiabatic pressure drop of the saturated liquid in a so called Flashbox which makes a small part of the liquid to evaporate. The generated steam is lead into a turbine where electricity is in a conventional manner.The purpose with this rapport was to do a basic study for the specific system at Arvika where it?s possible to see the potential production of electricity that follows an installation of a flasbox.The final goal was to introduce an economic analysis of a flashox installation at given conditions.To reach our goals we have created a model in Excel where we used the given conditions at Arvika Fjärrvärme to do our calculations. The model has been tested at three different states, of process water returning to potboiler, to be able to decide the optimal operation for the system at present.The studies have resulted in a pressure of the processwater at 14,5 bar (at) and a pressuredrop to 9,5 bar (at) in the flashbox.

I denna rapport undersöktes S&P 500 Energy Index genom multipel regressionsanalys. Modellerframställdes genom regression och baserades på data hämtad från börsen. Modellerna angavs iprocentuell ändring respektive absolut ändring. Validitet för varje enskild kovariat testades och en risknivå avgjorde om en kovariat skulle inkluderas i modellen eller inte. Detta ledde till två modeller med bättre kurvanpassning till den givna mängd data över det valda energiindex.

Pharmaceuticals that are found in marine ecosystems are a threatening environmental concern, which is known to harm both animal and plant life. One of the reasons for this problem is that the waste water treatment techniques are not optimized to clear waste water from its pharmaceuticals contain. In this master thesis four Swedish treatment wetlands were studied, and their ability to reduce numerous pharmaceuticals in waste water. The four treatment wetlands that were studied were those in Oxelösund, Trosa, Nynäshamn and Eskilstuna. Two ecotoxicological tests and chemical analysis were used.

In times of increased flooding, enhanced by climate change, polluted stormwater poses an increased threat to the environment through contaminated water entering waterways. Bioretention utilizes natural processes in soil and vegetation to treat pollutants and combat this threat. Biochar produced through pyrolysis, has a high cation exchange capacity (CEC) and could therefore increase treatment in bioretention systems. This research applies a literature review, interview, and a model to explore the benefits and disadvantages of biochar in order to specify a soil-mix through an understanding of the production process and preferred application rate. High purification through CEC, increased water holding capacity, and carbon sequestration being the benefits discussed.

ABSTRACTTITLE The investors guide to hedge fund strategies ? A comparing study of hedge fund strategies on the Swedish market.COURSE Bachelor Thesis in Finance KEYWORDS Hedge funds, Hedge fund strategies, Swedish hedge fund market, Investors, Average return, Riskadjusted returnThe ThesisInvestor?s general knowledge about hedge funds and hedge fund strategies, is compared to other investment alternatives low. The purpose of this thesis is therefore to clarify to investors how examined hedge fund strategies separate concerning risk and return in hedge funds. This, in order to facilitate for investors understanding which hedge fund strategy will be more suitable for them. To achieve this, the thesis is mainly focusing on quantitative data, which is complemented with qualitative findings in terms of a questionnaire.

Buildings today are built to maintain a healthy indoor environment and an efficient energy usage which is probably why damages caused by dampness has increased since the 1960?s.A study between year 2008 and 2010 showed that 26 percent of the 110 000 examined houses had damages and flaws caused by dampness that could prove to be harmful later on. This means that one out of four bathrooms risk the chance to develop damages by dampness. Approximately 2 percent of the houses had already developed water damages. It is here where the problems appear.

This thesis investigates techniques for stealth hydroacoustic communication using spread spectrum. The Swedish naval defense organisations have a vision that all their units should be able to communicate with each other, even between underwater vehicles. But the properties of water makes it a complex channel to use for wireless communications. Radiomagnetic waves have very limited range in water, therefore acoustic waves are used. In this report the basics of wireless communication systems are described including source coding, channel coding, modulation techniques as well as different techniques for spread spectrum.

Den här uppsatsen kommer att behandla frågorna: Hur har Skandinaviska Enskilda Bankens fonder; Sverigefond, Europafond, USA Indexfond respektive East Capital?s Rysslandfond utvecklats de senaste sju åren, med avseende på risk och avkastning? Vilken fond har presterat bäst respektive sämst? Ger fonderna med högre risk högre avkastning över tiden? Hur har fonderna presterat jämfört med valt marknadsindex?Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur fonderna har utvecklats åren 2003-2010 och analysera hur fonderna har presterat under perioden. Avkastning och risk är två fundamentala begrepp för uppsatsen ochde olika teorierna som studien grundas på är teorin om det principiella sambandet mellan risk och avkastning, samt Kapitalmarknads-teorin.För att utvärdera de olika fonderna används utvärderingsmåtten Sharpekvot samt Modigliani-Modigliani.Som jämförelseindex används SIX Return Index och som riskfri ränta används en sjuårig statsobligation från 2003.Uppsatsen har en positivistisk utgångspunk och är en kvantitativ och deduktiv ansats. Rådata har erhållits från SEB?s hemsida där historiska fondvärden för alla berörda fonder finns samlade.