The automotive industry is today in a world of globalisation and external factors can influence the car companies and it is important that they progress with the people. When an external factor, as the oil price, increases dramatically, it will affect the economies in different matters. Other external factors are impacted by the oil price, for example inflation, unemployment and target rates. In addition, people are changing their preferences due to the attention of the environment. With this as the foundation the problem of the essay were divided into three aspects.

Problem formulation: This paper will examine how the capital structure of firms affects their market valuation by applying the Modigliani-Miller theory on Swedish listed companies in a boom and a recession. The study will examine whether it is possible to draw any conclusions as to whether companies with high debt to equity ratios are valued lower in a recession, in comparison to companies with low debt to equity ratios.Purpose: To empirically test the Modigliani-Miller theory of capital structure in a boom and a recession in order to see if the companies? market value is affected differently depending on whether they have a high or a low debt to equity ratios.Methodology: The essay has a deductive and a quantitative methodological approach. Data analysis was done through a correlation analysis, a regression analysis and a hypothesis testing.Theory: The Modigliani-Miller theory of capital structure with taxes states that companies with a high debt to equity ratios has a higher value. One of the risks with a high level of debt could be that during a financial downturn companies have more difficulty realizing capital and are thus more likely to go bankrupt.Conclusions: The study shows results that are contrary to the Modigliani-Miller's theory; all the correlation analyses between debt to equity ratios and market value are negative.

Background: There is no guarantee that products should be equitable produced. Many products in today's trade is produced by minors, resulting in poor working environment, and gives the workers low payment. Fairtrade is the only label on the market that ensures that farmers receive fair payment for their products. Aim: The central aim with our work is to see what the future consumers, in other words students from Lund's university, Malmö College and The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences in Alnarp, think about products labeled with Fairtrade, and what they consider is value creation for food products. Students are often relatively young; they educate themselves and have new thoughts and valuations about how the world should be.

Sports research in the field of social science has shown that regular physical activity leads to wellbeing and positively affects the quality of life. A natural part of being an athlete is learning the functions of the human body, and what?s harmful and destructive, such as drugs (RF 1995). Doping is a constant problem in professional sport. Doping and manipulation of medical preparations in order to maximise performance is one of modern sport?s major problems, according to Blom and Lindroth (1995).I thought it would be interesting to see what the next generation of athletes thinks of doping.

Sammanfattning Titel: Växelkursexponering och dess Determinanter ? En Studie av Svenska Företag Ämne: FEK 591 Magisterseminarium, finansiering Författare: Johan Axelsson, Johan Sylvén Handledare: Niclas Andrén Nyckelord: Växelkursrisk, utlandsexponering, hedging, konkurrenssituation Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är tvåfaldigt. Det första är att utvärdera förekomsten av och storleken på marginell växelkursexponering för svenska företag. Det andra är att söka determinanter till denna exponering. Båda för att öka förståelsen för växelkursrisk.

Studien handlar om svenska gymnasieelevers motivation för att studera matematikämnet. Den teoretiska grunden hämtas ifrån Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985). Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur väl gymnasieelevers egen uppfattning om sin motivationsnivå kan prediceras genom de fyra ingående motivationsorienteringarna i Self-Determination Theory: (1) external regulation; (2) introjected regulation; (3) identified regulation; och (4) intrinsic motivation. Deltagarna (n = 132), 44 pojkar, 84 flickor och fyra som valde att inte specificera kön, studerar vid två gymnasieskolor i Falu kommun. Deltagarna fick via en webbsida besvara en enkät som mätte variablerna: upplevd motivationsnivå, external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation och intrinsic motivation.

The purpose of this study is to gauge the current state of Swedish library and information science research. LIS is generally defined as a cross- or multidisciplinary subject, according to some coupled with heterogenity or dichotomy within the subject. In light of Jack Meadows?s description of the scientific community growth and scientific communication, the following two research questions are formulated as basis for the study: 1. What are the current themes, what range of theories and methods are used in our research material? 2.

Title: Multi channel publishing: a qualitative study on how Norrköpings Tidningen publishes news in multiple channelsAuthor: Roland AlbinssonThesis supervisor: Per-Anders ForstorpBackground: In this day and age, the media is omnipresent and a part of our daily life. The phenomenon of media convergence can be traced back to the birth of the internet, and today all of the major newspapers have a website of their own. As a result of multichannel publishing, consumers have a wide range of tv channels to choose from, but there is still uncertainty as to whether more channels automatically equates to more and better news. There is no doubt about the fact that multi channel publishing is a necessary survival skill for media conglomerates today, but effects such as news recycling and the concentration of ownership are in conflict with the consumers? availability demands.Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to, by means of a case study, describe how NT?s multi channel publishing is an expression of media convergence, as well as to study how the news are affected by multi channel publishing.Research procedure: This study is based on three different research methods, observations, text analyses and qualitative interviews.

Bronchiolitis is a common performance decreasing disease in horses (Bracher et al, 1991¸Dixon et al, 1995) Its medical treatment includes inhalation therapy with corticosteroids and b2-adrenoceptorer stimulators. Use of both these medicines is prohibited for sport horses and athletes. Because the facemasks used for inhalation therapy are not airtight, there is a risk for leakage of these medicines. We wanted to see if cross exposure of nearby horses can result during normal recommended treatment of a horse, and assess if this could result in doping positive urine sample from the person treating the horse and from horses in the same airspace. We did a pilot study with four healthy horses. The experiment was divided into four parts.

This study investigates how Arabic-speaking students in Sweden use syntax and prepositions in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), and how their writing is influenced by Swedish grammar and Arabic dialects. The focus is on identifying systematic patterns of cross-linguistic influence and variation between different groups of learners. The data consists of written translations by 30 students in grades 7?9 who receive mother tongue instruction in Arabic. All students translated the same Swedish source text into MSA, and the translations were analysed with attention to syntactic structures and the use of prepositions. The theoretical framework draws on transfer theory, interlanguage theory, and the interdependence hypothesis, complemented by perspectives on multilingualism and diglossia. These frameworks make it possible to capture both external influences from Swedish and Arabic dialects, as well as internal processes of second language development.

This thesis aims to investigate the voting premium for companies differentiating voting rights between share classes on the Stockholm Stock Exchange. The voting premium represents the value of a vote attached to the share. The voting premium can be estimated from the price premium between two listed share classes with differentiated voting rights. Rydqvist's dissertation (1987) serves as a model for this study which investigates whether the theory of the so called "oceanic games", along with a proxy variable for cost of control, can predict the voting premium during 2010-2012. To the original model developed by Rydqvist, control variables for differences in liquidity between share classes are added to investigate for an increase in the explanatory power.

Dagens bilar är gjorda för långa resor med högt ställda krav på bekvämlighet och komfort. Studier har visat att de flesta resor som görs i Storstockholm är korta, och därför är kravet på prestanda och komfort minimalt.Syftet med detta projekt var att ta fram ett enkelt pendlingsfordon som del av ett hyrsystem. Användaren hyr fordonet vid en station och lämnar av den vid en annan.Fokus har legat på att utveckla en parkeringslösning som spar plats. Att bygga parkeringsstationer i förbindelse med befintlig kollektivtrafik är svårt, och marken i Stockholm är både begränsad och dyr.Efter en omfattande förstudie fastställdes en kravspecifikation som låg till grund för den fortsatta konceptutvecklingen.Det slutgiltiga konceptet blev Electric Commute Vehicle, ett elfordon avsett för personlig transport och pendlingstrafik. Fordonet döptes till X-traffic (Cross-traffic) och har utrustats med en unik parkeringslösning där fordonen packas likt kundvagnar.

Magneter har använts långt tillbaka i tiden för att behandla olika åkommor. Det senaste årtiondet har de fått ett uppsving som en alternativmedicinsk metod. De påstås ha olika medicinska effekter så som att ge ökat blodföde och verka smärtlindande och avslappnande på ömma muskler. Syftet med den här studien var att studera huruvida hästtäcken med 120 stycken insydda permanenta magneter (à 900 gauss) har någon effekt på beteenden hos hästarna vilka tyder på en ökad avslappning. Sju normala, friska hästar inkluderades i en prospektiv, randomiserad, blindad, placebokontrollerad cross-over studie.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the cow-level association between acute hoof lesions and the somatic milk cell count in dairy cattle. Cows from three loose-housed Swedish dairy herds were enrolled in the study if they had an acute hoof lesion treated by a veterinarian or professional hoof trimmer during the preceding year, according to farmer records. Studied lesions were sole ulcer, dermatitis, interdigital necrobacillosis and hoof abscess, in each case causing lameness. For each hoof-diseased cow, 0 to 3 healthy cows were included, matched with respect to herd, breed, parity and lactation stage. Cell counts were obtained from monthly test recordings from one month before to three months after the hoof-lesion diagnosis, and log-transformed.

Den multivariata variabeln trädslagsfördelning beskriver volymsförhållandet mellan tall, gran och löv i ett skogsbestånd. Ofta är variabeln skattad med subjektiva metoder vilket resulterar i två typer av fel, systematiska och slumpmässiga. Subjektivt värde = Sant värde + systematiskt fel + slumpmässigt fel De slumpmässiga felen är omöjliga att justera, men de systematiska går att åtgärda genom kalibrering. Målet med arbetet har varit att finna lämpliga metoder att kalibrera trädslags­ fördelningen i subjektivt skattade register för att eliminera det systematiska felet. Kalibreringar har gjorts med fyra olika regressionsmodeller och ett neuralt nätverk.