The aim of this study was to investigate and analyze similarities and differences in trials and punishment from a gender perspective, during the inquisition in the episcopate of Linköping. A inquisition initiated by duke Karl but performed by archbishop Abraham Angermannus in the year 1596.During the working process a quantitive method was used in the purpose of getting statistic data considering number of men and women that were trialed and punished. A hermeneutic qualitive method was also used in the purpose of closer investigating certain cases that men and women were involved in. The theoretical concepts that have been of importance and used in this study are the individual and the female subject that is based on gender in judicial procedures.The results showed that 49 % of the men were trialed for quarrel. Not as many men were trialed for contempt towards the church and witchery.The most frequently used corporal punishment in this cases were flogging that were executed for totally 38 % of the men.The investigation also proved that men were punished with these forms of corporal punishments for showing their contempt towards the church.

Introduction: The current research shows that cannabis use is increasing, while alcohol use is decreasing in many countries. The reason for the increase is considered to be the increased availability and that adolescents attitudes towards cannabis has become more liberal. Aim: This qualitative study aimed to examine adolescents attitudes and knowledge about cannabis. Methods: Data has been collected from focus group interviews with adolescents aged 15-18 years, in a west Swedish municipality. Participants were recruited through visits to secondary and upper secondary schools.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att studera den subjektiva upplevelsen av upphörandeprocessen från kriminalitet hos unga vuxna som vid upprepade tillfällen begått brott under sin barndom och ungdomstid. Frågeställningarna berör både yttre och inre faktorer som påverkat upphörandet samt faktorer som upprätthåller en ickekriminell livsstil. I studien ingick åtta personer, sex män och två kvinnor, som upphört med kriminalitet före 25 års ålder. Hur länge sedan det var personerna slutade begå brott varierade mellan några veckor och åtta år. Studiens genomförande var kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer varav fem utfördes vid personliga möten och tre över telefon.

Denna litteraturstudie behandlar användandet av sport som medel för att bekämpa ungdomsbrottsligheten. Fyra centrala frågeställningar eller teman diskuteras. Studien försöker (1) ta reda på om det verkligen är brottsförebyggande för ungdomar att sporta och (2) ge exempel på hur det i så fall kan verka preventivt att utöva idrotterna. Därutöver strävar studien efter att (3) identifiera sportens möjliga roll i brottspreventionen, i samhällets generella prevention men även rollen för enskilda ungdomsgrupper. Till sist undersöks (4) om det går att hitta några sporttyper som är särskilt intressanta ur brottspreventionens synvinkel eftersom begreppet sport innehåller många olikartade grenar.

Musiker är i stor omfattning drabbade av spelrelaterade muskuloskeletala besvär (PRMD). Bland musikerna är stråkmusiker, däribland violinister och violaster, särskilt drabbade. Violinister och violasters rörelser under musicerande involverar bland annat asymmetrisk hållning och höga krav på precision i rörelserna. Det är väl känt att smärta kan påverka och förändra rörelsekontrollen. Ökade kunskaper om rörelsemönster vid musicerande och eventuella avvikelser vid smärttillstånd kan ha betydelse för prevention och rehabilitering av PRMD.

Background: Urinary tract infections caused by indwelling urinary catheters causes unneccesay suffering among those it affects. These infections are also financially straining on the health care services. It is therefore of importance to gain knowledge about which evidence based preventive interventions that have the possibility to reduce the risk for bacteriuria and urinary tract infections among patients with indwelling urinary catheters. Aim: This study aimed to compile available knowledge concerning i) if silver alloy catheters does reduce bacteriuria in this patient group, ii) if aseptic catheterization does reduce bacteriuria in this patientgroup, iii) which routines for changing the urinary drainage bag reduces the risk of bacteriuria, iv) which routine genital hygenic care reduces the risk of bacteriuria? Method: Litterature was searched for in the data bases Cinahl, Medline and The Cochrane Library using the data bases? thesaurius combined with OR/AND.

Social and emotional learning is getting more and more common to work with in Swedish schools today. That has made it more actual to do studies of how you best can implement a method in health prevention and promotion in schools and how you do for to keep the work sustainable. There are some American studies that describe implementation of methods in schools and a few studies that describe implementation of methods for social and emotional learning in schools. It is important to see implementation as a process and not as an individual event. The process never end but continues as a cycle in three phases; readiness phase, planning phase and implementation phase.The aim of this study was to describe teachers and principals experiences of obstacles and possibilities at implementation of an evidence based program for social an emotional learning in compulsory school as a part of the schools health promotion activities.

Does playing have to hurt? - A quantitative study of ergonomics and double bass playing. This is a paper about ergonomics and double bass playing. I have studied the prevalence of playing-related pain in professional double bass players, teachers and students. This study is based on a questionnaire with 11 questions about double bass playing and pain.

As a small and land scarce country, effective waste management is ofoutmost importance in Singapore. In this study the production of biogasthrough anaerobic digestion from the organic fraction of municipal solidwaste (OFMSW) was compared to incineration of the waste. At the momentalmost all of the OFMSW in Singapore is incinerated. Three differentscenarios were compared to the reference scenario (incineration): one with alarge scale biogas plant that can treat half of all OFMSW in Singapore, onewith a medium scale biogas plant about 15 times smaller than the large oneand one with a small scale biogas plant that can treat waste from e.g. ashopping center or a food center.By using life cycle assessment (LCA) the different scenarios were comparedin terms of global warming potential (GWP), acidification, eutrophication,energy use and land use.

Sveriges missbruksproblematik är idag avsevärd och växande. Studier och utredningar har visat att allt fler individer undviker att söka hjälp för missbruksproblem. Det uppfattas inte bara finnas hinder för att blir missbruksfri utan också för att söka hjälp inom missbruksvården. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur behandlare inom olika verksamheter uppfattar att substansmissbruk utvecklas och vilka hinder som uppstår i behandlingsprocessen. Syftet var även att undersöka hur det i Sverige idag arbetas för att motverka substansmissbruk.

Bakgrund: Studier visar att trycksa?r a?r ett stort problem eftersom det pa?verkar patienterna da? det inneba?r ett lidande och dessutom kostar det samha?llet mycket pengar. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva upplevelser hos patienter med trycksa?r med avseende pa? trycksa?rets uppkomst, hur det dagliga livet pa?verkas samt deras syn pa? hur trycksa?ret skulle kunna ha fo?rebyggts.Metod: Kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer anva?ndes. A?tta informanter med trycksa?rskategori 2-4 valdes ut genom ett bekva?mlighetsurval pa? ett universitetssjukhus i mellansverige under ho?sten 2013.

Dog bites pose a threat to public health globally and can lead to infection, disfigurement, incapacity, post-traumatic stress syndrome and even death. In geographical areas where rabies is endemic, bites from infected dogs account for over 90% of the human rabies cases. Children have been proven to be at a greater risk of being bitten by dogs and subsequently contracting rabies than adults. In this cross-sectional study, a school survey was undertaken in association with a rabies awareness campaign in India, to investigate the dog bite incidence and various risk factors associated with dog bites as well as assessing the knowledge of safe interaction with dogs among children in the age group 10-18 years. A total of 1295 questionnaires were collected. 43.2 % (n=556) out of the respondents were boys and 56.8 % (n=731) were girls with a mean age of 14 years.

För att erbjuda insatser till utsatta barn och familjer som lever i en riskutsatt miljö startades hösten 2007 samverkansprojektet Tummen i Karlstad kommun. Projektet ska nu utvärderas och denna uppsats är en del i denna utvärdering.Syftet är att studera i vilken utsträckning personalen i Förskoleteamet Tummen har rapporterat olika typer av enskild respektive överlappande problematik för de barn och familjer som aktualiserats hos teamet. Vidare att utifrån rapporterad problematik studera val av insats hos teamet och personalens uppfattning om familjens behov av fortsatt stöd efter avslutad insats.Undersökningen är kvantitativ och bygger på utvärderingsmallar, som har fyllts i av Förskoleteamets personal vid varje aktualisering, totalt 125 stycken.Studien visar att de vanligaste rapporterade svårigheterna hos barnet är aggressivitet och samspelssvårigheter. Inåtagerande problematik rapporteras däremot i liten grad. Vidare framkommer att två- eller flerspråkiga familjer generellt sett rapporteras ha fler svårigheter än enbart svenskspråkiga.

Introduction: In January 2005, a nationwide mandatory bicycle helmet law for children under the age of 15 was introduced in Sweden. In the current study, the effect of this law was evaluated by analyzing national trends in hospital admissions due to bicycle-related head injuries during the period 1998-2011.Methods: An interrupted time-series design with segmented regression analysis was used to evaluate the intervention effect on head injuries as a percentage of all injuries (%HI) among cyclists in age- and sex-specific groups. Effect was measured as a change in level and/or slope of the trend at the time of legislation.Results: A total of 35261 cyclists (0-54 years) were hospitalized due to a bicycle injury during the study period. Linear regression analyses of the entire study period (not segmented) showed significant year-to-year decreases in the %HI of 1.3-1.7% in all age and sex-specific groups (p < .0001). Results from the segmented regression analysis showed that, at the time of legislation, a significant drop in level occurred among males under 15 years (-4.5% [95% CI: -7.7% to -1.3%], p = .01) and a significant change in slope occurred among females aged 30-54 years (-1.6% [95% CI: -2.9% to -0.2%], p = .025).Conclusions: The law seems to have had an effect on males in the target population (<15 years).

Background: Sweden is a country where vitamin D deficiency seems to be common, partly because of its geographical position, which reduces the availability of UVB radiation, but also that people avoid sunlight due to increased skin cancer risk. Research shows that vitamin D plays an important role in the prevention of many diseases such as cancer as well as autoimmune and neuropsychiatric diseases.Vitamin D is a fat soluble pre-hormone and a collective name for closely related compounds which act as hormones after undergoing a transformation in the body.Humans can utilize vitamin D through diet and produce it in the body by exposing the skin to the sun. Previous observational studies and epidemiological studies have established a hypothesis that there seems to be an association between vitamin D supplementation and reduction of depressive symptoms.Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate if vitamin D supplements may decrease depressive symptoms.Methods: This work is organized as a literature review and article search is made in the database PubMed in January 2012. Keywords used were ?vitamin D and depression? and inclusion criteria were: randomized clinical trials, be conducted on humans, written in English.