This literature study aims to examine the existence of cancer stem cells in breast cancer. The cancer stem cell theory states that there is a hierarchical organization within a tumour, in which a small subpopulation of the cells can initiate new tumours and maintain tumour growth whilst the bulk of the tumour cannot. These tumour initiating cells have shown to possess many characteristics similar to those of adult stem cells, which is why they are often referred to as cancer stem cells. Both cell types have the capacity of asymmetric division and have shown to possess mechanisms of resistance to both apoptosis and cancer drugs. The cancer stem cell theory elucidates many biological aspects such as the heterogeneity of tumours and the relapse of many cancers after what appeared to be successful treatments.

Background: Spinal Cord Injuries impacts sexuality. In a healthcare environment sexual issues are complicated and not allways easy to answer. Purpose: The purpose has been to highlight how the patient experiences sexuality after sustaining spinal cord injury. Method: A literature study through systematic review of scientific articles. Result: Five main categories were identified: Relationship, Physical problems, Emotional experiences, Coping, Counselling and information.

SCB menar att ängslan, oro och ångest blivit vanligare bland unga i Sverige. En kvalitativ studie gjordes där syftet var att belysa hur ungdomar själva uttrycker att de mår.  Hur de hanterar problem och om de använder alkohol som en möjlig copingstrategi, samt att ta reda på vad som påverkar deras humör. Tio gymnasielever i mellersta Sverige deltog. Resultaten visade att stress och nedstämdhet var förekommande och att sju personer använde alkohol, men ingen använde alkohol som copingstrategi.

Ett kostsamt och alltmer utbrett problem i västvärlden är arbetsrelaterad stress. Fenomenet uppkommer till följd av en rad olika faktorer på arbetet samt i arbetsmiljön och är ett skadligt tillstånd för individen som drabbas. Enligt Europeiska kommissionen bör arbetsgivare aktivt arbeta för att motverka arbetsrelaterad stress. Förutom dessa rekommendationer är svenska arbetsgivare enligt den svenska arbetsmiljölagen dessutom skyldiga att vidta alla åtgärder som krävs för att förebygga fysisk såväl som psykisk ohälsa hos arbetstagaren. Uppsatsen syftar till att kunna inspirera och vägleda företagsledare och mellanchefer till olika stressförebyggande åtgärder som vilar på en vetenskapligt beprövad grund.

Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att belysa olika stressframkallande situationer och copingstrategier för att bemästra den arbetsrelaterade stressen hos sjuksköterskor. Forskningsfrågorna är: Vilka faktorer ligger bakom stress för sjuksköterskor inom vården? Vilka copingstrategier använder sjuksköterskor i stressade situationer? Metoden är en litteraturstudie, som är baserad på tretton vetenskapliga artiklar. Den teoretiska referensramen är Antonovskys syn på hälsa, KASAM. Resultatet av denna studie visar fem teman som orsakar stress.

Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att belysa kvinnors och deras partners upplevelser av att leva med bröstcancer. Metod var en litteraturstudie enligt Polit m fl (2001), baserad på tio vetenskapliga artiklar. Den teoretiska referensramen var Carnevalis (1999) Dagligt liv - Funktionellt Hälsotillståndsmodellen. Resultatet uppdelades i fyra teman och flera underteman som beskriver hur det är att leva med bröstcancer ur kvinnans och partners synvinkel. Teman var: fysiska, psykiska, sociala och existentiella upplevelser.

The abscence of the brazilian artist Tarsila do Amaral (1886?1973) in the general art history is investigated, using the colonial structure as a starting point. In South America she is regarded as one of the greatest artists in modern time, in the rest of the world she is more or less unknown. The conclusion is that the colonial mechanisms are still in progress in our assumed postcolonial world, and has excluded Tarsila do Amaral, and the anthropophagic movement she was a part of, from the art history. The study points out the importance of looking into this neglected artist and the historic event.

Juvenile criminality has been widely discussed in the public debate. But what is there to do about a phenomenon like juvenile criminality in Sweden. Many studies have shown the potential of lowering juvenile criminality if different actors would collaborate. This research aims to explore preventive work and cooperation between different actors working with youth in risk of crime in Angered, with a focus on Hjällbo and Hammarkullen. The study is based on social and situational theory.

In this essay dog as a compatible model were put against human. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes were compared between dogs, human, cat and mouse. To evaluate dog as a model and study similarities and differences was the aim with this review. Dog as a model contributes to understand mechanisms behind autoimmune diseases and showed clearly histological similarities between human and dogs concerning the skin disease mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP)/cicatricial pemphgioid (CP). Further genetic evidence motivated the choice of using dog as a comprehensive model when the MHC-complex correlated with hypothyroiditis in Doberman dog as it does in human. Physiological similarities with low levels of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) together with high level of thyroid releasing hormone (TSH) were found in the same way as in human.

Introduction: Basic Body Awereness Therapy (BBAT) is a treatment developed to treat different kinds of psychiatric diagnoses, but also to prevent the emergence of any other unhealthy conditions. The treatment is aimed to increase the body control and conscious breathing but also requires mental awareness.Aim: The aim of this study is to, based on social cognitive theory, describe patients' experiences of BBAT performed as group therapy.Method: The study design was qualitative with an inductive approach. Five people were interviewed after a BBAT group treatment in primary care. The data was collected by individual interviews with semi-structured questions and the interviews were analysed by qualitative content analysis.Result/Conclusion: The participants experienced increased body awareness and implemented BBAT strategies even though the treatment frequency was insufficient. BBAT was described as helpful used to regulate intensity level, stress management and facilitate breathing.

Background: Chemotherapy and radiation resistance are major causes of failure in cancer treatment. The response to treatment in cancer cells depends on several mechanisms and pathways such as Janus kinases-signal transducers and activators of transcription JAK/STAT pathway. STAT1 was the first described transcription factor in the STAT family. STAT1 is activated by stimulation of signaling proteins such as type II interferon (IFN- ?) and the activated STAT1 translocates from cytoplasm to nucleus.

This is an examinaton of welfare officers and patients experiences of a course in mindfulnessbased stressreduction in primary care. The authors used a qualitative method and a phenomenological hermeneutics scientific philosophical position. The analys of the data appeared by using three theoretical perspectives; cognitive, coping and Antonovskys Sence of Coherence. The purpose was to get a deeper understanding of what mindfulness is, how a course in mindfulnessbased stressreduction can be arranged and how it is comprehended by the welfare officers and previous participators of the course. To get an opinion of the issue the authors wanted to know the welfare officers intention of the course, to which patients they provide the course, what the participators thought about their situation before and after the attendence and if they had assimilated the knowledge and if so how it was applicable.

Forskningens syfte var att kartlägga upplevd stress bland brottare, hur upplevelserna påverkat dem samt vilka copingstrategier som användes. Metoden som användes för denna undersökning var kvalitativa intervjuer med ett fenomenologiskt synsätt. Undersökningen visade att stress var något som alla deltagande brottare har upplevt och som de på olika sätt blivit påverkade utav. De flesta ansåg att stressen främst berodde på tidsbrist, pressen att prestera samt förväntningar från andra. De vanligaste biverkningarna av stressen var framförallt mentala såsom irritation och meningslöshet men också fysiska som magont och nervositet.

The aim of this Masters´ thesis is to examine parenthood, gender and equality. The analysis is based on the novel Bitterfittan. The primary theoretical points of departure are Judith Butler?s theory about doing gender and Yvonne Hirdman?s theory about the gender system, the hierarchical order and the separation of the sexes. I use Lisbeth Bekkengen?s thesis in which the nuclear family is seen as an institution which is upheld by two structures; that is the social relationships man-woman and parent-child, and also by two discourses; on the one hand a notion that fathers and mothers are principally different and on the other hand the child focus.

Till Sverige kommer dagligen ensamkommande flyktingbarn som so?ker asyl. Barnen har ofta varit med om sva?ra upplevelser som pa?verkat dem sva?rt med psykisk oha?lsa, a?ngest och oro som fo?ljd. Vissa av barnen placeras i familjehem men de flesta placeras pa? speciella boenden, sa? kallade HVB-hem.