Dagens städer blir allt tätare i takt med att befolkningen ökar. Samtidigt avbefolkas vår landsbygd. Samtidigt avlägsnar sig staden mer och mer från omgivande natur och lantbruk. Samtidigt mår vår befolkning sämre och sämre. Sjukdomar som utmattning, stress och depression ökar.

The main purpose of this bachelor thesis is to create a product in the form of a database that can be used for cost estimates of equipment within bio refineries. Through interviews and literature searches the key components and their costs were identified. The database was constructed in Microsoft Excel with different tabs for different categories of components; these tabs are further divided into three parts: one part with costs, one part with calculations and an information part. Most of the part with costs contains the expenses found in scientific papers during the literature study, the calculating part converts different capacities according to user preferences and the currency to euro (?) from 2010 and the information part consists of references and information about what is included in the cost.The database is a good tool for making cost estimates for bio refineries.

Värmeböljorna blir allt vanligare i Sverige vilket kommer kosta sjukvården miljardbelopp. Hur kan denna trend motverkas? Träd kanske inte är hela lösningen på problemet, men är en hjälp på vägen. Det urbana landskapet har idag högre temperatur än omgivande landsbygd. Detta fenomen, den så kallade urbana värmeö-effekten, beror bland annat på att hårdgjorda ytor absorberar solenergi, antropogena källor utsöndrar värme, luftföroreningar fungerar som växthusgaser och bristen av nerkylande vegetation. Dessa faktorer bidrar till en ohållbar temperaturstigning. Kandidatarbetets mål har varit att ta reda på hur träd bidrar till en temperatursänkning inne i städerna och att identifiera urvalskriterier för att välja träd ur temperatursynpunkt som samtidigt fungerar i urbana miljöer.

The prevailing food and energy crisis of the world, due to the declining reserves of fossil energy and a never ending rise of consumption, forces us to look into new fields to supply our energy demand. The boom of bio energy is criticized, as food crops are used to provide biodiesel and ethanol and the volumes are ridiculously small to supply world demand. Algae are one of the world?s oldest life forms and exist in many different phyla, providing a great variety to choose from, for different purposes. Cultivating microalgae offer a way to produce energy at great volumes without competing with food production and at the same time the algae offer a way to use our expensive nutrients in a more efficient way, besides this the algae are carbon dioxide neutral since their carbon source can be supplied by the atmosphere and the additional energy required can be supplied by algal oil or other renewable sources.

Sweden?s forestry legislation was updated in 2010 and a new definition of forest land was introduced. This definition was adapted to the one used by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) for international statistics on the state of the world's forests. It is in short based on the lands ability to grow forest that reaches 5 meters, 10 % canopy closure and has a continuous distribution, according to FAO at least 0.5 hectares. A country-wide laser scanning is now carried out for the production of a new national elevation model; the laser data also provides information on forest height and density.

Since a couple of decades the community of Jönköping has worked out an urban vision of how the city should be appropriated expanded. The prospect extends to around year 2040 and deals with the area south of lake Munksjön in Jönköping, Sweden. Today there is a proposal of how this would look like and what main public functions that should be located there. One issue in the so-called urban vision 2.0 indicates a congressional building. This report describes how such an object can be designed according to the urban vision conditions.The work is focused on three main themes;* Architectural concept and a modern form of expression.* A functional attractive congress building in a new planned town centre.* General concept of a realistic structure system that meet the spatial and architectural possibilities.Various concepts in the meeting industry and in the architecture field are identified in order to understand the concepts and ideas with today´s congress buildings.

The topic of this master thesis in legal science is state law and constitutional law, or more specific judicalization, with the division of power and thus increased individual legal rights in various forms. Sweden has traditionally had a weak constitutional protection for the individual?s legal rights. The public power has been concentrated to the government and the courts have only played a marginal role. Since the implementation of the European convention of legal rights and with the ever-increasing importance of the legal system of the European Union, the Swedish legal system gone through changes of historical dimensions.This master thesis is based on the legal dogmatic method where laws, preparatory work, case law and doctrines have been systemized.

Over the past 40 years 600 000 ha of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta ssp. latifolia (Engelm.) Critchf.) has been planted in Sweden (280 000 ha on SCA's forest land alone which represents about 15% of the company's total forest land area). In the early 70's SCA situated a number of experimental stands in order to investigate different aspects of the exotic tree, primarily growth rate. To be able to compare the two species plots with scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), this species was also planted at the same time and under the same conditions. A number of questions should always be raised when exotic species are introduced in an ecosystem. Invasiveness, the pathogen situation and purely ethical issues should be discussed.

In times of increased flooding, enhanced by climate change, polluted stormwater poses an increased threat to the environment through contaminated water entering waterways. Bioretention utilizes natural processes in soil and vegetation to treat pollutants and combat this threat. Biochar produced through pyrolysis, has a high cation exchange capacity (CEC) and could therefore increase treatment in bioretention systems. This research applies a literature review, interview, and a model to explore the benefits and disadvantages of biochar in order to specify a soil-mix through an understanding of the production process and preferred application rate. High purification through CEC, increased water holding capacity, and carbon sequestration being the benefits discussed.

Coastal sediments are important carbon sinks, storing organic matter and thereby helping to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. However, they can also act as carbon sources if the deposited organic matter decomposes rapidly, contributing to increased greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. Rapid decomposition partly depends on the degradability of the material itself. In this literature review, I examine which coastal plant species dominate different locations along the Swedish coast, based on coverage data from the ClimScape project (www.climscape.se). For the most dominant species, I investigated the type of organic matter they may contribute to the sediments and based on those results I qualitatively assessed which sites that may function as carbon sinks or sources.

The housing estates in the outskirts of Sandviken, consist of relatively large scale apartment buildings. This report, that is a B.A. thesis at 10 Swedish university points, aims to investigate and describe the opportunities to improve safety and security for inhabitants in Norra Björksätra. The purpose with this report is to make Norra Björksätra to a more attractive place to live in, by changing the negative trends in the area. Since demolition of at least some of the houses could be of current interest in some years; the purpose is also to investigate whether demolition or renewal of the area is the best solution.

Målet med denna uppsats har varit att undersöka och diskutera hur gaturummets skala och gestaltning relaterar till möjligheten för möten mellan människor. Uppsatsen har också undersökt huruvida även vidsträckta gaturum kan fungera för människor att vistas i, samt om det finns insatser som kan förbättra dessa gaturum. Uppsatsen syftar till att förstå hur Jan Gehl och Jane Jacobs erfarenheter kan tillämpas på konkreta platser i urban miljö, för att skapa ett analysverktyg att förstå stadslandskapet med. Begreppet ?mänsklig skala? används i hög utsträckning bland landskapsarkitekter, men det är osäkert om där finns en konsensus kring begreppets innebörd? Uppsatsens första del består därför av en utredande text kring vad detta begrepp kan innebära. Med hjälp av en litteraturstudie samt därpå följande observationer av två gaturum undersöktes huruvida det går att se kopplingar mellan teori och verkliga fall. Gaturummen observerades med avsikt att studera om, hur, och i så fall var sociala interaktioner förekom mellan människor.

The prevailing food and energy crisis of the world, due to the declining reserves of fossil energy and a never ending rise of consumption, forces us to look into new fields to supply our energy demand. The boom of bio energy is criticized, as food crops are used to provide biodiesel and ethanol and the volumes are ridiculously small to supply world demand. Algae are one of the world?s oldest life forms and exist in many different phyla, providing a great variety to choose from, for different purposes. Cultivating microalgae offer a way to produce energy at great volumes without competing with food production and at the same time the algae offer a way to use our expensive nutrients in a more efficient way, besides this the algae are carbon dioxide neutral since their carbon source can be supplied by the atmosphere and the additional energy required can be supplied by algal oil or other renewable sources.

Syftet med arbetet är att visa på problematiken med vinterväghållning och eventuellt vad som kan göras för att undvika att problemen uppstår. Jag har använt mig av två frågeställningar: Hur fungerar vinterväghållning? Kan man undvika skador på vedartade växter i samband med vinterväghållning i urban miljö? Vinterväghållning.I städer över hela världen påverkar snöröjning och borttransportering av snö standarden på levnadssätt och miljö, det är en dyr men nödvändig åtgärd. Stora snöfall kan ibland sätta enorma avtryck, lamslå kommuner och orsaka stora problem världen över. De städer som har bäst rutin på vinterväghållning är de städer som har kraftiga snöfall och långa perioder med riktigt kalla temperaturer.

Background Svenska Spel is a regulated company run by the state and government, where CSR, community and social responsibility is in focus. The highly regulated Swedish gaming market has in recent years become more exposed to competition by foreign unregulated betting companies thru Internet.Problem discussion There are two views regarding CSR and how they are affecting competitive advantage and profitability. On one hand, it suggests that companies foremost shall focus profits and act in the best interest of the shareholders. On the other hand, it connects CSR to be a contributor to competitive advantage that increases the company?s profitability.Problem formulation Svenska Spel is competing with other betting companies who doesn´t act under the same conditions, betting companies that don´t have a responsibility to the state.