This thesis rewievs present day research on the settlement of Östra Aros in central Sweden. The thesis deals with the period from late Iron age to about 1270 AD, when the Swedish archdiocese moved to the already existing early-medieval settlement of Östra Aros, thus becoming the medieval town of Uppsala. The basis of the thesis is the study of a variety of source materials, such as artefact studies, runestones, topography and the prehistoric and early medieval hinterland. The thesis centers on archaeological excavation data and dating of settlement structures, particularly focusing on the settlements establishment. Through a critical review of primarily the written record and the archaeological data, the settlements characteristics and functions are discussed, emphasising when and if the settlement could be described as a town, central- or trading place..

This thesis is about a potential trade-off between integrity and long-term usability in the choice of file formats for preservation of text documents. Five common formats are discussed: plain text, PDF/A, Office Open XML Document, Open Document Text, and Markdown. The formats are compared with respect to four criteria related to integrity and usability and to the records continuum model: support by widely used software, stability, rendering of contents and reusability.It is concluded that no single format is optimal with respect to all four criteria, when it comes to preserving typical documents in a modern environment, with more or less complex formatting and document structure. Therefore, the feasiblity of using two or more formats for preservation of a single document (e.g. PDF/A combined with Markdown and/or Office Open XML) is discussed.

The aim of this issue is to study how Swedish public libraries deal with the principles of freedom of speech and freedom of information in connection with public use of the Internet. The authors intention has been to find out whether the public use of the Internet has caused ethical problems for library workers and how the libraries solve situations when they consider their principles violated by library users. The authors study the debate on the issue in a couple of Swedish library magazines published during the late 1990s and they also give a few examples from the USA during the same period. They study the ethical principles and directives for schools published by the Swedish Board of Education as they claim that many of the public library users are students who bring along their ethical conceptions and thereby affect the ethical climate of the libraries. In their study the authors refer to ethical rules given to librarians by their trade union DIK and to the conclusions drawn from the hearing Good Ethics on the Net held by the Swedish IT Commission in 1998.

This is an examination of how interdependence affects the behaviour of politicians and their ability to govern the way they want to. I analyze the memoirs of two Swedish prime ministers, Tage Erlander and Ingvar Carlsson to explore their experiences. I focus on how the increasing interdependence affects the politicians with regards to security, welfare, and financial policies. Sweden had a special position between Soviet and NATO during the cold war. This meant Sweden gave priority to it's neutrality policy during the cold war, compared to increased trade cooperation.

Samuel P. Huntingtons bok The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order har ända sedan utgivningen 1996 varit föremål för en stor debatt inom flera akademiska fält. I samband med attackerna mot World Trade Center i september 2001 och USA:s krig mot Irak som inleddes på våren 2003 pånyttföddes intresset för Huntingtons bok.Jag har utifrån en diskursteoretisk utgångspunkt jämfört Huntingtons bok med Bushadministrationens uttalanden i samband med krigsutbrottet med syftet att undersöka vilka likheter som finns dem emellan samt vad dessa likheter kan ha inneburit för västerländska och muslimska identiteter. Mina resultat visar att de skiljer sig åt i sina respektive identitetskonstruktioner, där Huntington strikt fokuserar på religionens roll medan Bush skapar en västerländsk identitet kring begreppet frihet och en motidentitet kring begreppet terror, men att de har en gemensam nämnare i deras fiendebilder, där grova generaliseringar präglar deras framställningar..

In this thesis I analyse civilizations in South America. I construct civilizationalnarratives through the method of emplotment, to build a historic continuity, whichI subsequently connect to the theoretical framework. The theory emphasise that,when confronted with globalization and free market capitalism, civilizationsembark on different strategies to challenge the power of transnational marketforces. I find that South America is a polarised continent, and is divergingconcerning the relationship towards the USA and free trade agreements. On thesame time the issues that concern the social movements are not being reproducedin a significant matter at state level.

Theoretically, when an organization grows large it has to formalize its structure and exercise control by more regulations. The negative side effect might in turn be demotivated employees (machine bureaucracy). However, practice seems to contradict theory. Therefore, we decided to investigate how a large company, in this case Microsoft, succeeds in creating motivation despite some machine bureaucratic tendencies. The essential findings are that the employees feel motivated by the fact that they are allowed freedom with responsibility.

Due to the growth of multinational concerns during the last decades, with large parts of international trade involving such corporations, the field of transfer pricing, including financial transactions such as internal loans, have received a great deal of attention in tax legislation. The internationally accepted foundation for transfer pricing is the so called Arm's length principle, expressed in Swedish law through the "Korrigeringsregeln". In the Diligentia court case, the concepts of transparency and control were given a crucial role in the calculation of an Arm's length's price of interest rates. The Swedish tax agency interpreted the ruling in that case as if a parent company always can be assumed to enjoy sufficient transparency and control to reduce the risk on their debt obligations. A great deal of uncertainty therefore surrounded their position and to what extent the Diligentia-ruling could be cited as precedent.

Our purpose with this essay is to find explanations to the genesis of the Swedish law against prostitution now in power, known as Sexköpslagen 1998:408. We enter deeply into the official reports behind the law. This Swedish law implies that in a sex trade a crime is committed only by the consumer, and not by the seller. Our essay will result in an analysis of what sexköpslagen is an expression for. Our assumption is that the so called ideology of (gender) equality in Sweden might be a part of the explanation to the genesis of sexköpslagen.

Author: Linnea BrundellMentor: Gábor BoraCourse: Media and communication studies, C- level, advanced course. Communication, ethical and moral ? a survey based on news exposing companies which does not follow their own communication policies.Plot: In a leader in the newspaper Arbetarbladet, the writer says that the numbers of journalists are going to be reduced, while the numbers of informant officer are going to increase. Theory: The theory which has been used in the essay is Pierre Bourdieu´s field theories, Jürgen Habermas theories on representation and theories about the company?s values.Method: The method used in the essay is a qualitative text-analysis. The material in the essay is articles from the newspaper Svenska Dagbladet and Dagens Nyheter. Also two documentaries from the TV-show Kalla Fakta will be a part of the material. Adocument made by the trade union DIK, which tell about ethical guidelines for information officer, journalistic rules for their work are also a part of the material. Result: The survey shows that the companies have been failing to work after own policy documents. .

Background: The interest in shares has increased over the years, despite several stock market crashes. One reason for this is the emergence of stock trading online,which makes it easier for individuals to trade in shares. However, there has been much criticism towards financial analyst with the lack of fundamental basis to support their recommendations.Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the share valuation models swedish financial analysts today applies and consider appropriate. A comparison will also be carried out in previous studies, to see if the application of the modelsand their suitability has changed.Method: The study used a qualitative approach with deductive approach. Semistructured interviews were conducted and the basis for the study's primary data.The theories and previous studies obtained through secondary data.Results: Our results demonstrate that no single model applied, is appropriate.

First time labelling occurred was when animal owners marked their cattle in order to distinguish the differences. The need for labelling was added when the trade had expanded during Roman times in order for the customers to know who manufactured their craft. Trademarks are characterized as a way to distinguish one's own product or service from someone else. The marketing purpose is to create an identity. The brand has an important role as an effective competitive tool for businesses.A brand can have many different functions, which will simplify a customer's decision making process in selecting a service or product.

Being able to predict the future had been an invaluable competitive advantage for any corporation. Forecasting is a vital part of any business, hence a good forecast allows enterprises to invest in a beneficial way. However, there are several ways to prepare forecasts and the forecast methodology can vary. An industry that is dependent on forecasts is the energy industry. By predicting consumers' energy consumption, Swedish energy companies can hedge on the Nordic power market Nord Pool.

Syftet med vår uppsats är att ta reda på vilka faktorer som bestämmer valet av kapitalstruktur hos företag på stockholmsbörsen med utgångspunkt från Graham & Harveys studie. Vidare ämnar vi utreda hur viktiga faktorerna är för utformningen av kapitalstrukturen hos företag och om vi kan finna stöd för våra resultat i Graham & Harveys studie. Vi har använt oss av en kvantitativ ansats i form av en enkätundersökning. Vi utgår från ett deduktivt perspektiv för att således testa befintlig teori. Vi har kommit fram till att vår undersökning finner stöd och till största del överensstämmer med Graham & Harveys studie.

The shopping mall branch has estimated that the turnover of e-commerce will double within the upcoming ten years (NSCS, 2013). The growth can thus stop for shopping malls and there is a risk that some shopping malls end up being "dead-malls", completely losing their turnover.The thesis starts off with presenting the background for the factors of trade, i.e. e-commerce and shopping malls.This is followed by a presentation of which integration possibilities there are in Sweden today and by examples from the British market. Thereafter follows a section on integration possibilities that shopping malls can use in order to integrate e-commerce instead of regarding it as a threat. This can be done in several ways, e.g.