Today there is still irrelevant pay differential in society. In Sweden in 2010, the average pay differential was 15,4 percent between the sexes. Only 0,8 percent better than EU:s average.In Sweden the individual salaries increasingly have begun to characterize the Swedish labor market. Based on this, the aim of this study is to highlight the issue of equal pay between men and women from the perspective of individual salary. This would also been doing with a background in the regulatory environment of equal pay.When it comes to equality between women and men it is the area of labor law in EU who is the most developed and in Sweden this is the area who is most affected by EU law.

The aim of this study was to survey the labelling of drinks with pronounced healthbenefits found on the Swedish market today and to evaluate whether they are inaccordance to EU and national regulations or not. Especially the nutrition and healthclaims were looked into. This study shows that there are several drinks with claimedhealth effects being sold today. The process of approaching full functioningregulations in the EU on nutrition and health claims is proceeding slowly. A snapshotof today??s market of drinks with pronounced health effects shows that there aremultiple cases of misleading statements and interfering labelling on the products.Often it concerns nutritional labelling or health claims.

What is the European Union (EU) and which countries should be part of it in the future? These questions became topical during the first part of the 21st century when political and geographical changes hasten the need to decide the nature of the European cooperation. In the European Constitution, that never come into force, the European values that a key role but was taken away in the succeeding Lisbon Treaty. Nevertheless EU continues to expand, recently to the East and non-European countries asTurkey are now on the ?waiting-list?.

Franchise är idag en vanlig samarbetsform för att utveckla och expandera affärskoncept. Med franchise avses samarbetet mellan två näringsidkare, franchisegivare och franchisetagare, vilka utbyter prestationer såsom kunskap, erfarenhet och koncept gentemot royalty och avgifter. Samarbetsformen härstammar främst från USA och områdets regleringar, både i Europa och i Sverige, har inspirerats av USA. I Sverige finns sedan år 2006 en specialreglering avseende franchise, vilken reglerar ett minimi-informationsflöde före ett franchiseavtals ingående. Den amerikanska reglering som främst reglerar franchise är the Franchise Rule och den myndighet som utformat denna reglering samt har tillsynsansvar för att den efterföljs är Federal Trade Commission.För franchiseavtalets parter råder avtalsfrihet, vilket har inneburit att den svenska lagstiftaren valt att inte detaljreglera området.

Språkbarriärer är en verklighet för patient- sjuksköterskerelationen vid omvårdnaden idagens hälso- och sjukvård vilket är relaterat till den ökade globaliseringen med ökadmigration. Patientsäkerhetsorganisationer såsom den svenska Socialstyrelsen, denamerikanska The Joint Commission samt WHO betonar att kommunikation mellanpatienter och vårdpersonal är ett riskområde för patientsäkerheten vilket i storomfattning orsakar vårdskador. Begreppet kommunikation är ett av kriterierna iomvårdnadsprocessen och flera omvårdnadsteoretiker lyfter fram begreppet som enviktig del i olika omvårdnadsteorier. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att belysavilka konsekvenser språkbarriärer har för sjuksköterskans omvårdnadsbedömning ochpatientens hälsa. Litteraturstudien utgick ifrån tolv vetenskapliga artiklar, elvakvalitativa samt en kvantitativ.

The aim of this study is to examine if library and archive will meet professionally in digitization projects. The study has been conducted as a discourse analysis in accordance with the methods of Norman Fairclough, professor of Linguistics at Lancaster University. The texts are seen as linguistic and semiotic elements of social events that can be analyzed as parts of the social process ? discourse. The relationship between events and structures in society will be part of the social practice.The basic data derive from five public documents collected from Swedish government agencies.

Begreppet Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), som är företagens sociala samhällsansvar har blivit allt viktigare i dagens samhälle. Den grundar sig på företagens frivilliga samhällsansvar och är indelat i tre ansvarsområden: ekonomisk, miljömässigt och socialt ansvarstagande. Syftet med CSR är att företag ska driva sin verksamhet på ett långsiktigt hållbart sätt för att kunna uppnå det måste det finnas en optimal balans mellan de tre områdena.Ett omtalat begrepp inom CSR är hållbar utveckling, som definieras enligt (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1998:57) som en ? utveckling som tillfredsställer dagens behov utan att äventyra kommande generationers möjligheter att tillfredsställa sina behov?. I takt med att CSR blev allt viktigare ville företag redovisa sitt arbete och med tiden utvecklades en del riktlinjer för redovisning av CSR arbetet.

Uppsatsen behandlar Afrikanska Unionen (AU) och dess arbete för bevarandet av mänskliga rättigheter i konflikter, ett arbete som AU till största del misslyckats med. Darfur i Sudan är det konfliktområde som huvudsakligen tas upp. År 2002 övergick Organization of African Unity (OAU) till AU och därmed blev fokuseringen på mänskliga rättigheter större. I sitt arbete med mänskliga rättigheter utgår AU från African Charter on Human and Peoples? Rights (ACHPR) och Kommissionen (African Commission on Human and Peoples? Rights) är den institution som enligt ACHPR har till uppdrag att verka för de mänskliga rättigheterna.

This study examines whether there is an association between the length of the client-auditor relationship and audit quality, using absolute unexpected accruals estimated by industry as a measure of audit quality based on a modified Jones model. The study is motivated by the proposal on mandatory audit firm rotation for publicly traded companies from the European Commission, which is based on the notion that longer auditor firm tenure creates a familiarity threat which reduces the audit quality. Both the relation between audit quality and auditor partner tenure and audit firm tenure is examined in this study, using multivariate regression controlling for auditor type (Big 4 versus non-Big 4), signing auditors (one versus two auditors), firm size, profitability, leverage and age. There is a significant negative relationship between audit quality and audit partner tenure when only companies employing Big 4 is tested, which indicate that auditors constrain managements extreme accounting measures with longer tenure. The results provide no significant evidence of an increase in the absolute unexpected accruals with audit firm tenure, when only Big 4 companies are tested.

On Commission of the County administrative board in Värmland County a method was developed for analysis of the occurrence of artificial land use at lakes and watercourses. With artificial land use is meant land significantly affected by man. Two bases have been used to carry out the analysis. In one of the analysis the vegetation database and in the other GSD¹-Marktäckedata (land cover data) was used (this method has been used by County administrative board in Jönköping County).The analysis comprises all watercourses within Alsterälven river basin. The digital water bodies are created by the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute on the basis of GSD-Översiktskartan (general map).

Uppsatsen behandlar Afrikanska Unionen (AU) och dess arbete för bevarandet av mänskliga rättigheter i konflikter, ett arbete som AU till största del misslyckats med. Darfur i Sudan är det konfliktområde som huvudsakligen tas upp. År 2002 övergick Organization of African Unity (OAU) till AU och därmed blev fokuseringen på mänskliga rättigheter större. I sitt arbete med mänskliga rättigheter utgår AU från African Charter on Human and Peoples? Rights (ACHPR) och Kommissionen (African Commission on Human and Peoples? Rights) är den institution som enligt ACHPR har till uppdrag att verka för de mänskliga rättigheterna.

AbstractWork to develop the Eurocodes started in 1975 by the European Commission adopted a program to eliminate trade barriers within the construction area. The goal was to create common European design standards that would replace the member countries' own rules. Eurocodes will replace The National Board of Housing Building and Planning, National Rail, The National Road Administration and other agencies' calculation rules for the buildings structures. The transition to the use of Eurocodes looks like this:Eurocodes set to Swedish standards  between 2002 ? 2007They can be used parallel with national standards 2006 - 2009 The total transition is at the end of 2010/2011.Right now is going on a lot of work for replacement of the existing standards to Eurocodes.  The transition to the new calculations` standards, many construction companies and consulting firms facing a big changes and competitions.

Sweden had in the early 1930's the lowest birth rate in the world. Population Commission which was established in 1935 concluded that one of the biggest social problems was the working women?s heavy workload. To deal with the low birth rate reforms and programs were founded both in order to help the women but also in order to support the inadequate motherhood. Government grants were set up to start the so-called vacation home for housewives where the government?s visions of the vacation homes were active rest and recreation.     Based on the Leisure Inquiry report regarding vacation homes for housewives - the purpose of this paper is to examine how the government visions regarding vacation homes for housewives were practiced and how the future of prevailing gender contract affected the holiday home.

In 1972 the regulations on tax surcharge were introduced. In the new system the sur-charge are imposed by the Tax Authority (skatteverket) and not the Court. Since 1995 the European Convention on Human Rights constitute law in Sweden, which means that Sweden is forced to guarantee its citizens the human rights in the Convention. Article 6 in the Convention states that everyone, in the determination of his civil rights and obligations or of any criminal charge against him, is entitled to a fair hea-ring within reasonable time. The Article also expresses the right for anyone charged with a criminal offence to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law (the presumtion of innocence).

Environment and sustainable development are very current topics in today's society, bothnational and international. The government's bill 2004/05:150 ?Swedish environment objectives - a common Commission? contains several environmental quality objectives, that in turn is divided up in smaller secondary objectives. One of the secondary objectives says: ?Latest year 2010 shall at least 35% of the food waste from households, restaurants, largescale kitchens and shops be recycled through biological treatment.