The aim of this study was to develop a simple model for calculating stock costs for bio fuel at Billerud Karlsborg and subsequently recommending a suitable stock level of bio fuel. The stock components considered in the model are GROT (branches and tops), bark, dry wood Chips, raw wood Chips from barking and sawdust. The calculations are based on a probability distribution of historical deviations between ordered and delivered volumes. The model presents two different ways to manage the supply in case of irregular deliveries. The first way is to stock enough volume to cover the deviations and the second way is to compensate with a quick purchase from the spot market (at extra high purchase prices).

Hallstaviks papermill is an industry plant within Holmen Paper. Hallstavik is a mechanical mill and produce newspaper and journal paper. During year 2000, Hallstavik used approximate 1.200 m3f spruce, either as logs or Chips from sawmills. Due to that the production is running continuously the mill also needs raw material at the same rate. At some periods the supply of raw material cannot keep up pace.

This master thesis was done for a company called BRUKS which is active in woodprocessing,bio-energy and bulk material handling industry. The idea for the master thesis wasto develop a new reclaiming method for silos where wood Chips are being stored. A mediumsegment of between 1000 ? 5000 m3was defined as the segment with the most sales potential.Two different concepts were produced, one for new constructions and one for rebuildingalready existing silos.In the beginning of the master thesis a lot of time was spent on visiting different BRUKSoffices and customers to get an overview of the industry and the product. This informationwas the basis when the idea generating phase began.

Summary Today energy prices are rising. As a result biomass fuel is getting more and more interesting. Wood Chips is very popular, but also straw from grain production is on the table. Lunds Energi AB project a combined power and heating plant in Örtofta out of Lund. Wood Chips is meant to be the main energy source, complemented by straw. In this thesis the transportation of straw for fuel is studied.

The study was carried out as a time study of five wood chippers placed on trucks,so?called huggbilar. They are trucks with built?in wood chipper, chip bowl and crane pulling a chip trailer. The system is used for chipping wood fuel, transporting, and delivering the Chips to heating plants.

Rapporten handlar om hur olika brandfarliga varor skall kunna kategoriseras med hjälp av parametern FIGRA. Syftet med arbetet var att kunna undersöka om det gick att använda FIGRA i ett större användningsområde. FIGRA är en förkortning som står för FIre Growth RAte och som belyser olika produkters brandtillväxt. Olika försök har genomförts med standardgods, kartonger med en bestämd kontrollvolym, brandfarliga och icke brandfarliga varor. De brandfarliga varorna var lacknafta, Hammarlack och Karlsons universalklister.

Intresset för biobränsleproducerad energi har ökat i takt med att kunderna blivit mer miljömedvetna. På grund av detta har efterfrågan på briketter ökat samtidigt som träindustrin har haft det svårt i en sviktande konjunktur. Därför har ett examensarbete utförts i samarbete med E.ON Värme Sverige AB där undersökningar på bränslebyte i pannor avsedda för torra bränslen till fuktigare, stamvedflis har utfört.För denna undersökning har begränsningar införts på övre och undre effekt i form av uppehållstid och slutförbränningstemperatur. Intervallen är enbart beräknade på stamvedflis med 30 och 40 % fukthalt.Undersökning visar att det går bra att elda stamvedsflis i briketteldade pannor utan att emissionerna ökar så pass mycket att villkoren för anläggningarna överskrids om lasten hålls inom vissa intervall. Det möjliga effektintervallet ökar med minskad fukthalt på bränslet.Undersökningen har visat att det är bränslets kvalitet som är den mest begränsande faktorn..

The purpose of this study has been to evaluate whether a Low temperature bio-mass dryer could be integrated with the local district heating system in Malå. The aim is to increase the thermal efficiency of the cogeneration plant in Malå, by lowering the temperature of the cooling medium. Another benefit that comes from this is improved combustion efficiency at the power plant, since drying the fuel causes an Increase of the heating value.Simulations has been made in Excel, and with use of linear regression, to find out if it is profitable. Data for this purpose has been supplied by the power company Skellefteåkraft and furthermore SMHI.The result of the Calculations shows that a very efficient bio-mass dryer is needed, if yield of investments should be made possible. An Investment of 4,27 Mkr, in a dryer, could at a such criterium return 60000 kr/year, if the price of the biomass is 190kr/MWh.

In the pulp industry, digesters are used to disolve lignin in wood Chips. The concentration of lignin is measured and is called the Kappa number. In this thesis, the question of whether an online Kappa sensor, taking samples from the mid-phase of the digester, is useful or not is analyzed. For the samples to be useful, there has to be a relationship between the measured Kappa at the mid- phase and the measured Kappa in the blowpipe at the bottom of the digester. An ARX model of the lower part of the digester has been estimated.

Syftet med den här studien var att få en bättre förståelse för hur arbetet med personlig försäljning kan beskrivas i små och medelstora företag. Syftet nåddes genom att undersöka försäljningsprocessen och de olika rollerna inom försäljning. För att nå studiens mål utförsdes fallstudier på fyra svenska små och medelstora företag inom livsmedelsindustrin. Personliga intervjuer genomfördes med representanter för Jonssons Chips, Bergnäsets Bageri, Polarica och Piteortens Chark. Resultaten från den här studien visar att existerande teorier inom personlig försäljning inte alltid passar för att beskriva personlig försäljning i små och medelstora företag.

Fuel pellets are a refined bio fuel mostly consisting of residues from sawmills and wood industry. At Rindi Västerdala AB's combined bio energy plant in Vansbro fuel pellets are produced, while the waste heat from the process is used for district heating. The pellets are produced from sawdust, wood shavings and dry wood Chips that is dried, milled and pressed into small cylindrical rods. The advantage of refining the wood material in this manner is that the energy value is greater per unit volume and unit weight, thereby the cost of transportation per energy unit is reduced. Also, less storage space is needed.Pellet manufacturing is a complex process since many parameters affects the final results.

Att det föreligger ett problem kring bedömning i Idrott och Hälsa är ett tidigare känt problem. I denna studie tittar vi närmare på hur eleverna uppfattar och värderar olika kunskaper med avseende på teori och praktik i Idrott och Hälsa. Det granskas även vad eleverna tror att läraren värderar vid bedömning samt vad eleverna själva anser värdefullt att lära sig i kursen. Undersökningen är gjord med en enkätstudie på 187st gymnasieelever. Underlaget omfattar på pojkar, flickor, elever som läser studieförberedande program, elever som läser yrkesförberedande program, elever som motionerar regelbundet och de som inte gör det.

Many of todays studies show that district heating is one of the betteralternatives as heating source because of its low environmental load.The energy source is often leftovers from other processes producing energy or waste, like garbage or Chips.Electricity in combination with geothermal heating is another heating system that has increased sharply during the last years, and also this system decreases the discharges that have negative affectson the environment compared to several other heating methods.This report aims to, concentrated towards these two different heating systems, estimate the amounts of discharges they indirect cause and how the environment is affected.We have calculated the mean value for discharges of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, sulphur oxide and dust generated from electrical power used in Sweden.Through interviews and research we have gained data for the same substances that district heating based on combustion of garbage and biofuel generates.We have also in cooperation with a housing company chosen a building we see representative for many of the new single-family houses built in Sweden today.Based on its shape and appearance we theoretically created three alternatives of the same house, each of them with climate screens different from each other.Together with the amounts of discharged environmental affecting substances, these houses were the base for our calculations and studies when investigating the different heating sources environmental effect.The results have thereafter been analyzed and discussed from different angles..

Studiens syfte var att undersöka skillnader i kostvanor som kan ha betydelse för utveckling av karies mellan ungdomar vid yrkesinriktade respektive högskoleförberedande gymnasieprogram. Datainsamling skedde vid två gymnasieskolor i södra Sverige med användning av en enkät som bestod av 32 frågor.Det skulle både finnas yrkesinriktade- och högskoleförberedande gymnasieprogram på de skolor som deltog. Sextio elever från respektive gymnasieinriktning skulle ingå i studien. Totalt erbjöds 143 elever >16 år att delta från två skolor. Resultatet baserades på 118 besvarade enkäter, 60 från de yrkesinriktade- och 58 från de högskoleförberedande gymnasieprogrammen.

A third party access to district heating networks has been proposed in Sweden, to increase the competition on the district heating market. Such third party access could create opportunities for the agricultural sector as an energy producer. This study describes the technical, economical and environmental prerequisites for a farmer cluster to build and run a heating plant, fueled with local wood fuel. The heating plant in the described scenario is 8 MW and will supply a village of 1000 houses, and is fueled with wood Chips exclusively. Supplying a heating plant with fuel puts high demands on the logistics, since there need to be a continuous flow of fuel. In the scenario, wood residues from felling and thinning is stored in stacks in the forest, and a few times a year chipped and transported to a storage area at the heating plant. In the study, an estimation of the profitability has been made by estimating the cost of the investment, personnel, operating and maintenance costs and costs for the fuel and ash handling.