The recent turbulence in the financial markets has contributed to the banks becoming more restrictive to lend to real estate financing. Deleveraging in Europe's banking sector has also contributed to banks reducing their leverage and increasing capital adequacy to meet the new requirements. Loan-to-value ratios in real estate loans have fallen while banks' interest margins have increased, which has made property investors to look for alternative sources of funding in the capital markets. The two most interesting forms of financing for real estate right now is bonds and preferred shares as they fit property companies that generate stable and predictable cash flows. A bond is an interest-bearing debenture certifying that the purchaser has lent money to the company that issued the bond.

Through participant observation in a local promoter group of hardcore punk shows inGothenburg and qualitative interviews with its members I have investigated links between taste in music, values and social structures in the hardcore punk scene. The theoretical framework of this essay is built upon the concept of subcultural capital, which is adapted from Pierre Bourdieu and developed by Sarah Thornton and Keith Kahn-Harris. The result shows how members among the hardcore punk scene create and preserve distinction towards others, while the distinction becomes important benchmarks for including and excluding practices in the scene..

För PLA-innehavare och key executives anser vi att beskattningen av carried interest ska ske i inkomstlaget kapital. Vi anser ej att den eventuella arbetsinsatsen utförd av PLA-innehavare har en sådan koppling till värdeökning i fonden att inkomstslaget tjänst ska vara tillämpligt. Detta har att göra med att GP-bolagets beslutanderätt i fondens förvaltning samt det finns omvärldsfaktorer som påverkar fondens värdeförändring.Vidare anser vi att carried interest ska beskattas hos PLA-innehavarna och key executives, inte hos rådgivningsbolaget. Av fondstrukturen framgår det tydligt att rådgivningsbolaget är skilt från GP-bolaget och förvaltningen av en venture capital-fond. Carried interest finns endast avtalat i det avtal som PLA-innehavarna har ingått med ILP-bolaget.

This dissertation aims to explore how an investment appraisal differs depending on if it is conducted by a municipal or a private real estate company. Municipal and private real estate companies are not performing on totally equal terms in the property market. A municipal company in Sweden has a public service mission. The consequence due to that mission is that they have limited yield potential but on the other hand the right to certain subsidies. They are also limited by the law of public purchasing (in Swedish: Lag om offentlig upphandling) in the investment process.

Due to historically low prices for electricity in Sweden, many small-scale hydropowerplants were closed down. A small-scale power plant has more or less the samemaintenance costs as larger plants, but doesn?t generate as much income. Today?sincreasing price for electricity in combination with a desire for renewable energysources makes small-scale hydropower interesting again.

According to the current regulations described in IAS 27 - Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements, an investment company is required to consolidate all entities that it controls. However, this thesis outlines the creation of a new system, where those entities are instead measured at fair value, taking changes in fair value into account in the income statement. By recalculating the consolidated accounts for five major investment companies in accordance with the new system, this investigation concludes that the new system would provide investors with more relevant but less reliable accounting information. In addition, the historical financial performance of Investor, Industrivärden, Ratos, Kinnevik, and Lundbergföretagen, is evaluated using their recalculated consolidated financial statements. The evaluation indicates that the overall volatility in the companies' consolidated financial statements would have been higher during the time period 2005-2009, in comparison to official reports..

Problem: Utvecklingen i va?rlden ga?r mot en allt mer kunskapsinriktad ekonomi da?r den immateriella tillga?ngen intellektuellt kapital blir viktigare bland fo?retag. De redovisningsprinciper som finns idag baseras pa? principer fra?n sa? tidigt som 1400-talet da? man ville bokfo?ra transaktioner fo?r in- och utbetalningar av pengar. Principerna modifierades na?got under den industriella revolutionen fo?r att man skulle kunna sa?tta upp materiella ting som tillga?ngar.

Sänkningen av aktiekapitalkravet från 100 000 till 50 000 SEK den 1 april 2010, förverkligades för att förbättra de institutionella villkoren för de privata aktiebolagen och för att fungera som ett incitament till att öka småföretagande. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka om de privata aktiebolagen har valt att lösgöra eller behålla sitt aktiekapital efter denna nya regel och varför. Dessutom ämnar studien att undersöka om det finns skillnader mellan de som väljer att minska eller att behålla sitt aktiekapital avseende bransch, ålder och omsättning. Studien baseras på en enkätundersökning som innefattar 212 respondenter. De resultat som denna undersökning kommer fram till är: Att majoriteten av de privata aktiebolagen har valt att behålla sitt aktiekapital.Att anledningen bakom att behålla aktiekapitalet är att bevara företagets kreditvärdighet, att använda aktiekapitalet i verksamheten och för att proceduren med att sänka aktiekapitalet anses vara krångligt och tidskrävande.

This report investigates what attitude private forest owners in the County of Stockholm, Sweden have towards biodiversity landconservation. Private landowners were asked to answer a questionnaire containing questions about there property and there attitude towards biodiversity. The results show that private landowners attitude towards biodiversity is affected by, amongst other things, the size of their property; a larger property have a more negative owner than a smaller property. A landowner that lives on his property has a more negative attitude towards biodiversity than a landowner that?s not living on his property.

We got in contact with Marco AB, who we?ve had contact with before concerning earlier projects, to find out if they were interested in arranging a larger project for our last class (Examensarbete 15hp). They were very positive to this proposition, and soon they offered us a project regarding reconstruction of their current mechanical device that absorbs all the force from the lift itself when it is at a predefined level (sv. sjunkspärr). The current solution does fulfill the requirements that are given, however it is not a solution that gives a high level of satisfactory.

We got in contact with Marco AB, who we?ve had contact with before concerning earlier projects, to find out if they were interested in arranging a larger project for our last class (Examensarbete 15hp). They were very positive to this proposition, and soon they offered us a project regarding reconstruction of their current mechanical device that absorbs all the force from the lift itself when it is at a predefined level (sv. sjunkspärr). The current solution does fulfill the requirements that are given, however it is not a solution that gives a high level of satisfactory.

In this paper I study how the repeal of the Swedish wealth tax (1 of January 2007) has affected people´s labour supply behaviour. This particular issue is relevant because it may help us understand some of the effects of the earnings tax changes that have taken place in Sweden. Accoring to standard economic theory a repealed wealth tax is similar to an income effect for the persons who previously paid the tax. That means that they theoretically will want to consume more leisure, that is decrease their labour supply. The method I am using to test this hypothesis is a difference-in-difference approach where the treatment group consists of persons who previously paid the tax and the control group of comparable persons who did not pay the tax.

This study investigates the value relevance of goodwill impairments for equity investors in Swedish listed companies. We provide insight on whether goodwill impairments are value relevant before as well as after the implementation of IFRS 3 and IAS 36. We express market value of equity as a function of book value of equity; net income excluding goodwill impairments and goodwill impairments, using the Ohlson valuation model and Hellström's price regression. Our findings suggest that goodwill impairments are statistically value relevant for equity investors. Prior to the implementation of IFRS 3 and IAS 36, our findings imply that equity investors respond negatively to goodwill impairments.

Titel: Investeringsuppföljningar ? En fallstudie på Volvo Construction Equipment i BraåsSeminariedatum: 2011-06-01Ämne/kurs: 2FE13E:3Författare: Aleksandar Stamenkovic och Donald BergströmHandledare: Anders JerrelingExaminator: Fredrik KarlssonNyckelord: Post-audits, Capital Budgeting, Investments, Performance Evaluations, ROI, RI, AARRSyfte: Syftet med detta ämnesfördjupande arbete är att förklara de problem som uppstår när avsaknad av investeringsuppföljning föreligger, samt att förklara för hur rutiner av uppföljningar kan organiseras.Metod: Valet föll på att göra en kvalitativ fallstudie gällande Volvo Construction Equipment i Braås. Kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer har utförts med fyra stycken respondenter på anläggningen. Detta ämnesfördjupande arbete har utförts enligt en deduktiv metod och en diskussion förs angående arbetets validitet och reliabilitet.Teori: Den teoretiska referensramen behandlar relevant teori gällande investeringar och uppföljning, vidare behandlas även kortfattat de metoder som används för att bedöma investeringars lönsamhet på Volvo Construction Equipment i Braås.Empiri: Det empiriska avsnittet redovisar data från de semistrukturerade intervjuerna som fördes med personal på anläggningen i Braås. Dessa bestod av ekonomichefen, controllern samt två projektledare.Slutsats: Resultaten som presenteras behandlar komplexiteten med att följa upp investeringar enligt dess faktiska kassaflöden och förkastar därmed en sådan uppföljning för Volvo Construction Equipment i Bråas.

Caran has a strong belief that women leaders affect the financial profitability positive. Since women leaders are intangible resources it is very difficult to calculate its exact value. The authors found that one of their measurement methods can?t be used to calculate the value of women leaders. The other measurement method can calculate significance between women and men leaders and provides an index to be compared to other groups.