The genus Campylobacter is globally recognised as the leading bacterial cause of human foodborne gastroenteritis. Every year around 8000 Swedes are infected by Campylobacter. Most people are infected by thermotolerant Campylobacter species, commonly C. jejuni and C. coli.

The aims of the study were to investigate the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in chicken and chicken products, and to investigate farmer awareness of antibiotic resistance development. The study was conducted in the Can Tho province in Vietnam during six weeks in October to November 2008. Ninety-six samples from raw chickens were collected from twelve market places and analysed for the presence of Campylobacter. A total of 96 cloacal swabs from 20 farms were obtained and analysed for the presence of Campylobacter. Farmers were asked to answer eight questions concerning the housing of the chickens, modes of handling sick animals as well as use and knowledge of antibiotics and resistance development to antibiotics.

The aims of the study were to investigate the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in chicken and chicken products, and to investigate farmer awareness of antibiotic resistance development. The study was conducted in the Can Tho province in Vietnam during six weeks in October to November 2008. Ninety-six samples from raw chickens were collected from twelve market places and analysed for the presence of Campylobacter. A total of 96 cloacal swabs from 20 farms were obtained and analysed for the presence of Campylobacter. Farmers were asked to answer eight questions concerning the housing of the chickens, modes of handling sick animals as well as use and knowledge of antibiotics and resistance development to antibiotics.

The aim of the study was to investigate if some selected recipes could be hazardous for man; that is if pathogenic bacteria in raw ingredients could survive the cooking process. The study included three known pathogens, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium and Campylobacter jejuni. A known number of the bacterium chosen was added to the raw product. The dish was prepared according to the recipe and then a bacteriological investigation concerning the added pathogenic bacterium was performed. The results showed that all recipes tested could be hazardous; that is the added pathogen was still living after the cooking process..

In the country of Jordan, egg production is very important economically, but several bacte-ria are involved in food borne diseases transmitted from eggs or other poultry products. The most important are Salmonella spp., Campylobacter jejuni and Escherichia coli. In Jordan two different housing systems are used for hens in large scale egg production; con-ventional cages and litter floor systems. Eggs from four different farms were analysed and compared to see if a difference could be found regarding the presence of pathogenic bacte-ria on the egg surfaces between these two systems. Total number of aerobic bacteria was analysed, the presence of Salmonella spp., C.

Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats är att analysera risken att smittas per resnatt av sjukdomarna Campylobacter-, giardia-, salmonella- och shigellainfektion vid utlandsresor. Det huvudsakliga målet är att undersöka hur risken skiljer sig mellan olika resmål. Ett annat mål är att undersöka hur risken förändras över tid, över årstid och hur risken skiljer sig beroende på resenärens kön och ålder.För att kunna genomföra detta används två databaser. Information om svenskars resvanor för åren 1997 till 2009 finns i den urvalsbaserade databasen TDB (svenska rese- och turistdatabasen). Information om sjukdomsfall med Campylobacter, Giardia, Salmonella och Shigella för samma tidsperiod finns i Smittskyddsinstitutets övervakningssystem SmiNet.För att kunna avgöra hur förklaringsvariablerna påverkar sannolikheten att smittas används en generaliserad linjär modell.

In the country of Jordan, egg production is very important economically, but several bacte-ria are involved in food borne diseases transmitted from eggs or other poultry products. The most important are Salmonella spp., Campylobacter jejuni and Escherichia coli. In Jordan two different housing systems are used for hens in large scale egg production; con-ventional cages and litter floor systems. Eggs from four different farms were analysed and compared to see if a difference could be found regarding the presence of pathogenic bacte-ria on the egg surfaces between these two systems. Total number of aerobic bacteria was analysed, the presence of Salmonella spp., C.

Flera stora utbrott med kontaminerade grönsaker har skett under de senaste åren, många människor har blivit sjuka och till och med dött efter att ha ätit färska grönsaker. Denna studie undersöker bevattningsvattnet som en faktor till dessa utbrott. Det finns olika bakterier som kan förekomma i bevattningsvattnet Campylobacter, Salmonella spp, Shigella spp, Escherichia coli (E.coli) och Listeria är exempel som behandlas i detta arbete. Litteraturundersökningen fokuserar på hur bakterier kan spridas, olika kontamineringsrisker, rekommenderade gränsvärden för hur mycket bakterier det får finnas i bevattningsvattnet samt produkter som kan vara särskilt utsatta för en kontamination. I den experimentella delen undersöks hur mängden E.coli förändras med tiden på spenat.

This study was carried out in Jordan with the purpose to investigate the bacterial microflora of egg shells from cage systems and from deep litter floor systems. Another aim wasto get a general impression of the hygiene, at farm level, of egg production in Jordan andthe factors affecting it.Eggs from two cage systems and three floor systems were analyzed, regarding bacterialcontamination of the egg shells. Egg samples were taken from the storage room, the eggcradle in the cage system and from the nest and floor in the floor system. To get a generalimpression of the hygiene at the farms, swab tests and air tests were performed. Swab testswere performed with a sterile cotton swab at the same units as the eggs were sampled andair tests were performed by opening petri dishes where the hens were staying.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of Verotoxin-encoding bacteriophages in mussels, cultured downstream the sewage treatment plant in Lysekil.Mussels were collected in three growing areas from April 2008 to March 2009. Real-time PCR was performed for detection of vtx1 and vtx2 genes and enrichment of bacteriophages on non Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157: H7 was carried out. All samples in real-time PCR analysis were negative; no presence of Verotoxin-encoding phages was shown. No plaque was formed on blood agar base plates, indicating that no bacteriophages had been taken up by E. coli bacteriaThe levels of Verotoxin-encoding phages and E.coli outside the sewage treatment plant in Lysekil were not high enough to be able to form VTEC in mussels, indicating that the faecal contamination was low.

BakgrundFotsår är en vanlig komplikation hos diabetiker som ofta påverkar patientens livskvalitet.Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva sjuksköterskors kunskaper med avseende att förebygga och behandla fotsår hos patienter med diabetes samt hur sjuksköterskan kan stödja patienterna i sin egenvård.Metod: En beskrivande litteraturstudie som baserades på 12 vetenskapliga artiklar med både kvantitativ och kvalitativ design, publicerade mellan 2000-2012. Urvalet av artiklarna gjordes i databaserna PubMed och Cinahl.Resultat: Sjuksköterskor behövde öka sina kunskaper vid omvårdnaden av patienter med diabetesfotsår, medan patienterna efterfrågade mer kunskap om sjukdomen och dess komplikationer, samt behövde mer information och ökad motivation till att bedriva sin egenvård. Resultatet visade att utbildning och ökad kunskap om fotsår ledde till en bättre livskvalitet och ökad egenvård hos diabetespatienterna.Slutsats: Både sjuksköterskor och diabetespatienter är i behov att förbättra sina kunskaper om omvårdnaden av fotsår. Det är viktigt att sjuksköterskan skapar en god relation och en helhetssyn som inbegriper såväl det fysiska, psykiska som det sociala perspektivet på patienten. Detta förhållningssätt är grunden för att sjuksköterskan ska kunna hjälpa och stödja patienten i sin egenvård..

Bringing back the nutrients from the city to the country is becoming increasingly important, as the world?s stores of nutrients get more exhausted. Sewage sludge is an unapplied resource, rich in plant nutrients, which could replace parts of the commercial fertilizers used in Sweden today. Sewage sludge may contain large amounts of pathogens, such as Campylobacter and Salmonella, why use can cause severe spreading of infections, both to animals and humans. These pathogens have the ability to survive for a long time in soil and water and therefore some sort of treatment of the sludge is recommended before use.

Organic rearing of broilers is not a large production in Sweden. In order to create a sustainable yet efficient production of organically produced poultry meat, at a price that the consumers are willing to pay, much more knowledge is needed. It is therefore important to do more research on organic broilers under Swedish conditions. This report is aimed to be a base for further studies. In the study 2000 broilers of the hybrid Ross 308 divided in to two equal groups. The broiler hybrids that are used in Sweden are selected for a high growth rate and are normally slaughtered at the age of 5 to 6 weeks, with a slaughter weight of 1.7-2 kg.

Det finns ett hundratal patogena (sjukdomsframkallande) organismer som potentiellt kan spridas viaavloppsvatten. Bland dessa är det framför allt patogena organismer som infekterar mag-tarmkanalensom är av störst betydelse, eftersom de ofta utsöndras i stora mängder i avföringen och hamnar iavloppsvattnet. Enligt Socialstyrelsens allmänna råd (SOSFS 1989:39) bör det finnas beredskap för attdesinfektera avloppsvatten från smittskyddssynpunkt. Det gäller infektionskliniker på sjukhus,obduktionsavdelning från sjukhus med infektionsklinik och vissa mikrobiologiska laboratorier. Beredskapenför att kunna desinfektera avloppsvatten är dock resurskrävande och kravens relevans harifrågasatts.