There is desire to evaluate the tracheal diameter in the Swedish population of English Bulldog, a breed with breathing disorders, and if possible use it as a criteria for breeding in the hope of improving the life situation for these dogs. The Swedish Kennel Club has together with the Swedish Club for English Bulldog and veterinarians presented a five year radiological study that has the purpose to give an average look on how the tracheal situation is in the population. The trachea will be evaluated through two different methods, both measuring two distances in the thorax. The first one compares the tracheal diameter to the height of the cranial opening of the thorax, and the second one to the width of the third rib. With the measured distances one will calculate a quotient and compares it to the reference values.This study is designed to get a preliminary evaluation, based on the 65 dogs that were available on the time for the study, with measurements done by two persons on three different occasions each.

Denna kvalitativa kunskapsöversikts syfte är att påvisa vilken syn man idag har på patienter med Fibromyalgisyndrom, hur detta syndrom behandlas och hur dagens synsätt har växt fram. Fibromyalgisyndrom drabbar 2-4% av befolkningen, och 80-90% av dessa är kvinnor. Eftersom sjukdomen inte "syns utanpå" är det svårt för anhöriga, arbetskamrater och läkare att inse svårighetsgraden av patientens besvär. En genomgång av forskningsrapporter och annan litteratur visar att diagnosen karaktäriseras av diffusa symtom, funktionella störningar och obestämda smärt- och värktillstånd. Diagnosen har låg status, är inte lokaliserad till något bestämt organ och det finns ingen bot, bara lindring och symtombehandling.

The aim of our study is to research what the future help-needs and expectations on the civilian society are among Swedish soldiers before they are sent on their first deployment abroad, especially to Afghanistan. The fact that Sweden sends soldiers to a warzone is something that is new nd research according the help-needs from the returning soldiers are missing.This study is based on a qualitative method where the data consists of four focus group interviews with at least two participants in each focus group from three different military bases in Sweden. The results indicate that the soldiers´expectations on the civilian society are low but that they would like to have more support from the civilian society. An important notice during the study, we encountered the fact that the participants in some way feel stigmatized. The results also show that they want the Swedish armed forces to be in charge and provide the care for the soldiers where health professionals involved have som military background.

This paper presents a study of Scandinavian Airlines? (SAS) frequent flyer program, EuroBonus. The study describes the transfer pricing of award seats between EuroBonus and the airlines within SAS. Furthermore, it aims to determine what effects market-based transfer pricing would have on EuroBonus, the airlines within SAS and consequently on the SAS Group. We have found that the existing transfer pricing does not provide incentives for the airlines within SAS to satisfy EuroBonus? demand for award seats.

The aim of this essay was to create an understanding of teachers strategies to respond to children in economic hardship in school and if these children can participate on equal terms in school. To examine this, we chose to do semi-structured interviews which is a qualitative method. Eight teachers were interviewed from four different elementary schools. In our interviews, we found that all the schools both had elements of inclusion and exclusion, which can result in both equal and unequal terms for participation in school. We also found that the school with the most students in economic hardship had the most inclusive strategies.

The Swine flu (H1N1) erupted in 2009 and wasquickly spread over the world and developed into a pandemic, with a great threat against people?s health. It was soon discovered that the H1N1?virus had a different character than the seasonal flu, since it especially affected younger individuals and the consequences from the disease were expected to be more severe. In Sweden it was decided to provide a free of charge vaccination against the H1N1-virus, and the Swedish vaccination ratiobecome relatively high compared to other countries.

Den psykiska ohälsan hos ungdomar är hög, dessutom är samsjuklighet vanligt. Det transdiagnostiska perspektivet utgår från att olika syndrom delar samma underliggande processer varav repetitiva negativa tankar är en sådan process. Denna kombinerade longitudinella- och tvärsnittsstudie syftade till att undersöka psykiska symtom (inom social ångest, depression och sömnproblem) och deras stabilitet över tid samt koppling till repetitiva negativa tankar hos gymnasieungdomar. Genom klusteranalys framkom ett antal symtomprofiler för vartdera mättillfälle (ett symtomfritt kluster, singelproblematikkluster och samtidiga symtom/samsjuklighetskluster). Dessa symtomprofiler visade sig vara stabila över tid.

The aim of this study was to describe and analyze the participation of immigrant organizations to the partnerships in the Equal program in Sweden. The focus of the study was on the significance of the participation for the organizations and its impact on them. The point of view of the participant organizations has been object of study through interviews with the persons who, on behalf of the organizations, have been in charge for the work with Equal. Interviews have been conducted with people representing 10 of the 21 immigrant organizations that have been identified among the Swedish Equal partners. Many organizations have experienced that the participation has strengthen the awareness of target groups about their needs and their possibilities.

Specialiteten intensivvård utvecklades på 1950-talet, ända sedan dess har det varit känt att vissa av patinterna utvecklar akut förvirring eller psykiska störningar som senare kom att benämnas IVA syndromet. IVA syndromet orsakas av en process som startar vid insjuknandet/olyckan och beror på ett samspel mellan en psykologisk process, kemisk påverkan och den miljöstress som uppkommer av intensivvårdsmiljön som patienten vårdas i. IVA Syndromet orsakar ökad morbiditet och mortalitet. Syftet med arbetet är att beskriva omvårdnadsproblem och vilka åtgärder sjuksköterskan kan vidta för att förebygga utvecklandet av IVA syndromet. Undersökningen har utförts som en litteraturstudie.

When are aerial bombing strategies effective in coercing target states? According to the recent research debate there is a consensus that denial strategies may be an effective instrument for coercing states to change their politics. This study is based on Belkin?s theory which argues that the effectiveness of denial strategies may depend in part on the domestic legitimacy of the target states? regimes. From a political standpoint, aerial denial effectiveness can be considered more likely to coerce when political leaders of target states lack domestic legitimacy rather than when they are legitimate.   The purpose of this study is to contribute an explanation of a condition where denial strategies are more likely to succeed.

Numerous studies have showed that Swedish municipalities are responsible for several of the activities that concern children and their rights, e.g. school and health care. Furthermore, the Convention of the Rights of the Child is an international agreement that Sweden has signed and ratified which also implies the obligations that Swedish municipalities have. The purpose of this study is to investigate and compare, from a social justice perspective, how children?s rights are being emphasized and how children?s opinions are being taken into consideration at the municipality level in Sweden.

Den psykiska ohälsan hos ungdomar är hög, dessutom är samsjuklighet vanligt. Det transdiagnostiska perspektivet utgår från att olika syndrom delar samma underliggande processer varav repetitiva negativa tankar är en sådan process. Denna kombinerade longitudinella- och tvärsnittsstudie syftade till att undersöka psykiska symtom (inom social ångest, depression och sömnproblem) och deras stabilitet över tid samt koppling till repetitiva negativa tankar hos gymnasieungdomar. Genom klusteranalys framkom ett antal symtomprofiler för vartdera mättillfälle (ett symtomfritt kluster, singelproblematikkluster och samtidiga symtom/samsjuklighetskluster). Dessa symtomprofiler visade sig vara stabila över tid.

Fibromyalgi är ett syndrom som karakteriseras genom utbredd kronisk värk och ökad känslighet för beröring. De drabbade kan uppleva sömnproblem, depressioner, oro, trötthet, illamående, huvudvärk och tarmproblem. För att få diagnosen fibromyalgi skall smärtan vara utbredd i 11 av 18 så kallade ?tender points? under en period av minst tre månader. Allt som gjordes med enkelhet tidigare är nu jobbigt och gör ont.

This essay deals with Swedish unemployment politics during the period 1918-1932, and can be seen as a contribution to earlier research of how the policies, established by the State Unemployment Commission, was carried out at a local level. This study bears upon  Uddevalla municipality, a town in the southwestern part of Sweden, which had about 13,700 inhabitants in 1920.The research was conducted in Uddevalla municipality archives, and the sources used are above all municipal records and documents from the local unemployment committee. The measures taken by the local committee to reduce the effects of unemployment have then been compared with the directives of the State Unemployment Commission.The survey shows that the local unemployment committee, at least during the first half of the 1920s, was very keen to follow the directives of the State Unemployment Commission, and they also tried to charge the municipality's economy as little as possible. The local policy was often even more restrictive than the demands from the State Unemployment Commission. During a few years in the middle of the 1920s, when the unemployment was relatively low, most of the unemployed did not recieve any help at all.The restrictive policy, however, led to an increasing distress among the unemployed, and the poor relief had to give financial help to a lot of unemployed and their families.

Destination marketing looks different from that of traditional marketing, since the product, in this case the destination, consists of several different parts compared to a good. A destination is marketed as a process where the consumption takes place at the same time as the production. Destination marketing organizations, DMO?s, are responsible for the marketing of a destination. Since destinations consist of several parts such as the train trip to the destination, restaurant visits, shopping, hotel stays etc., it is difficult for the DMO?s to fully control how a tourist perceive the destination.