Bakgrund och problemdiskussion: Budget har funnits i över 50 år i Sverige och är ett vanligt styrmedel i de svenska företagen. Under de senare åren har forskningen visat upp många delade meningar om hur budget uppfattas och dess betydelse. Budget har fått utstå mycket kritik samtidigt som många studier visar att företagen inte klarar sig utan budget. Uppfattas budget positivt eller negativt hos de som använder den på KappAhl och Lindex? Budgetprocessen är i lärobokslitteratur uppdelad i tre faser, budgetuppställande, budgetuppföljning och budgetanalys.

Studies have shown that user participation is a good method when improving or developing a product. The method gives a company insight in what the customer wants and needs. It has also been shown that user participation benefits all parts included. For example, it creates a greater relationship with customers than most other methods do. Webportals is one of the most interactive systems online and it gives companies a unique chance to improve and maintain their relationship with customers.

Den ökade takten av förändringar i organisationens omgivning har lett fram till att beslutsfattare söker efter alternativa styrmedel som är mer anpassningsbara till den specifika verksamheten. I och med det här så är det realistiskt att tänka sig att beslutsfattare kommer att ställas inför val mellan olika styrmedel. Trots detta så har beslutsfattare enligt tidigare forskning en tendens att vara ovilliga till förändringar. Den här studien har undersökt vilken betydelse kognitiv dissonans har för beslutsfattare i samband med val mellan budget och balanserade styrkort som styrmedel, samt om det finns några skillnader mellan hur svårt det är att byta ut budget mot balanserat styrkort och vice versa. Problemformuleringen testades med hjälp av två hypoteser i form av ett experiment som utfördes av en grupp studenter på civilekonomprogrammet, som kan liknas med morgondagens beslutsfattare, där de fick göra ett val mellan budget och balanserat styrkort.

Budget är i många företag den framåtblickande delen av ekonomistyrningen. Den utgör ofta den framtida planeringen och förmedlar vägen fram till de uppställda målen. Under senare tid har kritik riktats mot både det traditionella och ?moderna? budgetsynsättet. Vissa kritiker anser att problemen emellertid inte beror på budget i sig utan istället på det sätt som den används på.

The purpose of this study is to describe and understand how children?s participation and influence is described in the curriculum of preschool. The purpose includes how educators perceive, working with and what opportunities and challenges they believe that there is in the process of participation and influence. The methods I used were qualitative text analysis and e-mail interviews. I studied text in the curriculum and interviewed four educators to find out their views on children's participation and influence.

The main purpose of this essay was to study the program "Nationellt stöd för kunskapsutveckling inom socialtjänsten" ("National support for knowledge development within the social services") from the National Board of Health and Welfare on the basis of how such a development, as represented by the program, could affect clients' possibilities to participation and influence within the social services.To respond to the purpose I used the following questions at issue:* How is client participation and client influence defined in the program?* What arguments for and/or against client participation and client influence are stated?* Which patterns and similarities/differences are possible to discern between the municipalities and universities that participated in the program when it comes to client participation and client influence?The study was conducted as a document analysis. I studied documents from the program both on a national and a local level. The essay uses empowerment theories and theories concerning client participation and client influence. The main conclusions were that on the national level the authors of the documents spoke with caution about their view on client participation and client influence and expressed that it had to be balanced against the rights of the citizens and the social workers for example.

This study aims to explore how a gardening project with elderly living in Djuröhemmet, a nursing home outside Stockholm, affected them regarding psychological well-being and their experience of participation during the planning and construction of the memory garden. The gardening project is new in its kind by allowing the residents to influence the design of the garden by sharing the project leader their gardening memories from previous parts of their life and by wishing for specific plants and items.  The method being used was qualitative interviews where we interviewed seven people living in Djuröhemmet who participated in all or parts of the project. The theoretical framework is Molins (2004) definition of participation, but also theories of meaningfulness, social needs and gerotranscendence were applied. The results indicate that the participants did not realize that their involvement during the planning helped developed the garden.

Assessment of the level of the pupils´ knowledge and understanding are important parts of teaching. There are diverse ways to do this and many different tools to use.The purpose of this study is to explore, through qualitative interviews, how five teachers work with assessment. The focus lies on both how they work with assessment in general and how they use the assessment tools called »LUS» and »Nya språket lyfter!». The pupils´ participation in their own education is an important part of the Swedish curriculum, which is why the study also focuses on how the informants work to enable the pupils´ participation in the assessment and in their education.The informants all think that both assessment and the pupils´ participation in the assessment are important, since teaching is easier when the pupils are aware of what they need to know and learn. Many of the informants express that time is an issue when it comes to making the assessment trustworthy.

This thesis is about the effect of political efficacy on societal participation among youths aged 15 to 29. It takes a starting point in the gloomy view of the decline of political participation among citizens in the western world, especially pointing out youths as a threat to democracy. This is a broad subject to take on so my aim becomes a bit more specific. The aim of the thesis is therefore to investigate if belief in ones own capacity and in the responsiveness of the political system affects the actual participation among youths in Europe, independent of a set of alternative predictors. Moreover the thesis is divided into two sub-investigations, one qualitative and one quantitative.

Schools inspections investigation has shown that most pedagogues are experiencing significant challenges to stimulate students and to invite students to participate and to influence the teaching structure and content. This study is based in the school inspections school questionnaire from 2013 which shows that Vallentuna high school results in two categories stimulation as well as participation and influence gets a low index value compared to all participating school units. Previous research has shown that the field studies creates greater amount of stimulation, increases students? participation and provide experience of a bigger influence. Careful preparations are also important and the right form of field studies.

The aim of this study was to, through a qualitative method, investigate students? participation in a specific library blog to find out what motivate them to create and share digital book recommendations through videos. It also intended to describe the students? own views of their participation.We conducted interviews with eight students in the ages 12 and 13, who all had similar experiences regarding the blog creation but diverse attitudes concerning the blog production and intentions to participate.The results showed that the strongest motivating forces behind the students' participation in the blog creation was that they enjoyed the making of the videos and also because they wanted to inspire others to read more and create resembling blogs..

Several studies show that the clinical reality in psychiatric care does not correspond to the demand of consumer participation from a variety of policy documents that has been produced recently. Studies also show that there is a lot to do in improving, patients with sever mental illness, becoming more involved in their own care. The nurse has a central role in this work. The Norwegian nursing theorist Jan-Ka?re Hummelvolls holistic, existentialistic model for psychiatric nursing were used as theoretical ground.The aim of this study was to examine how nurses in psychiatric outpatient units, caring for patients with psychotic disorders, experiences consumer participation.Qualitative phenomenological method was used.

This study is about how the dialog can help students with special needs to feel participation and inclusion in the class and the teaching. My purpose with this study was to look for how the students with special needs interact with other students and teachers through the dialogue. I also wanted to know if there is any positive and negative effects to teaching students with special need in the classroom compared with the teaching at the special teacher.I have taking purpose of the sociocultural theory in my study because it says that children learn together when they communicate with each other. The theory central words are dialog and scaffolding in the zone of proximal development. I also describe central words like participation, inclusion and students with special needs in the special teaching.I have investigated in four interviews, two of them were with a teacher and a special aids teacher, and two of them were students with special needs.

Alla typer av organisationer använder sig av budget. Budget är en plan som hjälper till att förutsäga framtiden. I kommuner används budgeten som ett verktyg för att visa kommunens omfattning och inriktning av den verksamhet som de bedriver. Kommuner kan använda sig av olika typer av budgetar som till exempel rambudgetering och behovsbudgetering. Kommuner har olika förutsättningar för att bedriva sin verksamhet utifrån antalet invånare, befolkningsstruktur och geografiskt läge.

Budgeten är ett vanligt förekommande styrningshjälpmedel i flera företag idag men dess roll har utvecklats en hel del sedan 1950-talet då budgeten började bli vanligare bland svenska företag. Vi tyckte att det skulle vara intressant att undersöka hur ett medelstort företag använder sig av budgeten och vilka företagets främsta syften med att göra en budget är. Ett delsyfte var även att vi utifrån den teori som vi funnit på budgetområdet skulle komma med uppslag på hur det undersökta företaget kunde utöka sitt budgetanvändande. Med hjälp av den empiriska undersökning som gjordes kom vi fram till att företaget använde sig av budgeten på ett bra sätt till syftena kontroll och uppföljning, prognostisering samt till att motivera personalen på företaget. De använde sig även av budgeten vid planering, samordning, delegering och ansvarsfördelning, informationsspridning och i kommunikationssyfte men inom dessa områden ansåg vi med stöd i teorin att budgetarbetet kunde utökas..