This essay sets out to compare political participation in two e-petition systems: The Malmö initiative in Malmö, Sweden, and Better Reykjavik in Reykjavik, Iceland. The main question of the essay concerns the aggregative and deliberative qualities of the Malmö initiative and Better Reykjavik, as well as the relationship between aggregation and deliberation. This main question is divided into four subqueries that lead the empirical analysis. These are: (1) Which similarities and differences in terms of design are there between the Malmö initiative and Better Reykjavik? (2) To what extent have these systems mobilized an aggregative political participation? (3) What similarities and differences are there concerning aspects of deliberation? and (4) What is the correlation between aggregation and deliberation like in the two e-petition systems?The method in use is a comparative cross-sectional study with a 'most similar research design'.

This study's main objective was to identify adolescents participation in alternative sport activities and which kind of physical activity that was preferred by adolescents who didn't had any earlier experience of sport clubs. The study combined interviews and surveys with the purpose to get both adolescents and sport leaders perspective. A total of five interviews were performed and fifty-four surveys was collected. The results showed that adolescents already physical active were those who participated in alternative sport activities. Who participate in alternative sport activities can depend on habitus, comprehended capital forms and in which social field the sport activities exists..

I have examined the conditions for participation in an opera masquerade. Theoretical support has been found in Michail Bachtin, Richard Schechner and Judith Butler. The main study object has been a masquerade organised by the workers of The Royal Opera of Stockholm in 1925. The masquerade is examined as a social practise with distinct aesthetic framing. The analysis shows that the opera masquerade share some characteristics with the medieval carnival culture as described by Bachtin, but differ in many ways as well.

The aim of this study was to investigate the social behaviour and time budget of breedingbulls kept at VikingGenetics, Falkenberg in Sweden when the staff was off duty. It was ofinterest to see if there was any difference between bulls housed in group pens and bullshoused in individual pens. It was also of interest to investigate if there was any differencein the behaviour between the dairy breeds Swedish Red (SR) and Swedish Holstein (SH).Sixteen bulls were used in this study. Eight bulls kept in individual pens and eight bullskept in group pens were used. The individually housed bulls had a social gate with widerbars where the bulls could but their head and neck through to have social contact with thebulls in its neighbouring pens.

Spelindustrin växer för varje år som går, och mycket har hänt på senare år. Detta och mitt intresse om dator/tv-spel gör att jag finner det relevant att ta reda på hur det är att jobba i spelbranschen och skaffa mig kunskap om hur det fungerar i branschen. Det finns många positioner inom spelbranschen och det är inte lätt för en utomstående att förstå hur mycket arbete, tid och pengar spelföretag lägger ner för att släppa ett spel på marknaden och förhoppningsvis få det att sälja bra. En annan viktig aspekt i spelbranschen är hur det fungerar rent ekonomiskt och vart all budget kommer ifrån för att producera ett spel. Jag har också valt att titta närmare på hur det går till när man ska skaffa sig jobb i branschen. Genom litteraturstudier analyserar jag hur det kan tänkas vara att jobba i spelbranschen samt genom fakta få fram hur det fungerar med ekonomin och de olika positionerna som finns samt hur man ska göra när man söker jobb. Med studien har jag bland annat förstått att det krävs mycket mer tid, budget och marknadsföring för att producera ett spel men att det verkar vara en spännande bransch.

BackgroundToday a common approach to solve a complicated problem is to assemble a temporary workforce in order to solve the problem by working together within a project. One of the difficulties with working in projects is to maintain the planned budget. Working hours and costs are often exceeded. Many companies presume that any certain project will succeed, a presumption that leads companies not to anticipate risks involved in a project. In companies today there is seldom time for evaluation or moderation of a project, in order to have time for evaluation there is a great need for an adequate planning of the project.IntentThe intention with this study is to create a model for planning, budgeting and evaluation of projects within consultancy companies.MethodWith the help of interviews and discussions within the group Hamnar och Byggkonstruktioner at Sweco has evidence to present a proposal on planning, budgeting and monitoring been developed.ResultsA model has been developed to ease for consultancy companies to plan, budget, monitor and evaluate projects.

The purpose of our study is to examine how parents experienced their participation and their involvement in a solution-focused parenting group. The parenting groups are a part of the social welfare system in a town in south of Sweden. The study is conducted as a qualitative study with focus groups. 11 parents have participated. The study´s theoretical framework considers solution focused theory, social constructionism and process within groups.In the study we found that participants generally perceived their participation as positive and that they received confirmation by meeting other parents in the same situation.

The de-regulation of commercial air traffic in the early 1990?s lead to that many new airline companies entered the market. Many of these new actors were low budget airlines which meant that the traditional airlines met a new type of competition. This situation contributed to the fact that ticket prices dropped in many countries. It has become more and more common that the traveller prefers to fly with low budget airlines rather than with the traditional airlines.

Bakgrund: I debatten har BSC då och då dykt upp som ett ersättningsinstrument till budgeten. Vad som inte alltid framgår är vilket eller vilka instrument som bär de roller som traditionellt bärs upp av budgeten. Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att beskriva och analysera vilka roller som BSC och budgeten har tagit i styrkortsanvändande företag. Avgränsningar: Vi har valt att avgränsa oss ifrån den bransch där budgeten som styrinstrument kanske fått mest kritik, nämligen bankbranschen. Genomförande: Vi har gjort en förstudie utifrån vilken fyra företag har tagits fram.

Bachelor thesis in Business administration, School of Business and Economics at Linnaeus University, Controller, 2FE05E, spring semester 2013 Title: Non-profit sport associations management control- A multi case study of management tools Authors: Christoffer Ahlgren, Emelie Andersson and Emelie Nilsson Tutor: Anders Jerreling Examiner: Elin Funck Background: Non-profit sport associations activate a large number of people in Sweden and have a great impact on the social community. Because of the increasing complexity to operate sport associations some are experiencing serious financial problems. The daily financial work has a major impact on how the future unfolds for the sport associations. An adverse economy not only creates complications in the economic field, it also affects the sport itself. Purpose: Our purpose with this paper is to describe and explain how the economy is controlled in non-profit sport associations and the tool that is used to support this process.

Bolivia genomförde neoliberalt inspirerade reformer under 1990-talet. En av lagarna som kom till då, Law of Popular Participation, decentraliserade vissa besluts- och planeringsprocesser till lokal nivå. Ett centralt inslag i lagen var det ökade deltagande och inflytande som den ämnade ge kvinnor och förfördelad landsortsbefolkning. Som spunnen ur en neoliberal tradition, syftar vår litteraturstudie till att undersöka effekten av lagen om definitionen av civilsamhälle breddas utom dessa ramar. I studien undersöks effekten av lagen; dels på kvinnornas situation, dels på klyftorna mellan stad och landsbygd utifrån vårt civilsamhälleliga ramverk.

Bakgrund och problem: Företag möter idag hårdare konkurrens och en allt snabbareteknologisk utveckling och det medför att företag ställer allt högre krav på den ekonomiskastyrningen. Kritikerna hävdar att den traditionella budgeten som styrverktyg inte är tillräckligför att företaget ska kunna styra effektivt. I Sverige har den traditionella budgeten ett starktfäste, men det finns idag en rådande trend att inte använda sig av budget. Författarna harintervjuat respondenter för fyra företag som har använt sig av budget, men avskaffat den för attanvända sig av alternativa styrverktyg. Företagen har efter en tid återgått till att använda sig avbudget igen.

Introduction: Reducing social inequality in health is a prioritized goal for public health on the global as well as the national and the local levels. Hälsoteket operates through health promotion to reduce inequality in health in the district of Angered in Göteborg, through the improvement of living habits and the wellbeing of the population.Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate Hälsoteket in Angered through its participants? subjective experiences. Subsidiary aims were to explore participants? perceptions and opinions about Hälsoteket in Angered, how they perceive the health impact of their participation and their motivations for participating.Method: A qualitative method was used to fulfill the aim.

Budgetens roll i företaget har länge varit ett omdiskuterat ämne och mycket kritik har riktats mot den. Utgångspunkten i vår fallstudie var Handelsbankens arbetssätt som vi har börjat med att studerat närmare. Utifrån detta har vi sedan granskat de tre storbankerna Swedbank, Nordea och SEB. Syftet med vår undersökning var således att ta reda på vilka ekonomiska verktyg bankerna använder sig av för att styra verksamheten och mäta resultat.I vår fallstudie använde vi oss av en kvalitativ metod i form av djupintervjuer. För att få bakgrundsinformation har vi tagit del av tidigare forskning som visat att budgeten haft en stor roll i företagen, men samtidigt har det funnits nackdelar med den vilket har lett till att budgeten fått mycket kritk genom åren.

The purpose of this study is to gain knowledge about how teachers in preschool regard their participation in children's play. Through this study you will get an insight into how teachers' involvement affects children's learning. I have chosen to look at the study from a socio-cultural perspective.The study is based on qualitative interviews with four pre-school teachers.The result shows that teachers believe that it is important to attend in children's play to support, challenge and develop their play. One sees that teachers take different roles based on the needs of the children?s group, such as actively participate in the play, being a supportive teacher, serve as inspiration or to be an observer.