Aim - To investigate the prevalence of allergies among students at The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences (GIH) in Stockholm and relate it to factors that previous research in this area found to influence the risk of developing allergic diseases.- Can Hygiene Hypothesis or more specifically the relationships of family structure, socioeconomic status and the degree of overcrowding explain the existence of allergies among students at GIH?- Can the prevalence of allergies among students at GIH be explained by any of the known relationship for the prevalence of allergic diseases this study has taken into account?Method - Quantitative survey of students at GIH in the fall of 2013.Results - 214 students from The Swedish School of Sport and Health Science participated in the study, with representation from the first - and last - year students of all educational programs. More than twice the proportion of those diagnosed respondents said that their mother smoked during pregnancy or while they were breast-fed compared with the same group of respondents with no allergic diagnosis. The correlation is not statistically significant (p -value: 0.054). The majority of respondents with an allergic diagnosis indicated that their home mopped once a week or more for most of their childhood, while the majority of respondents with no allergic diagnosis stated that their home mopped less often.

BAKGRUND: Bröstcancer är en av de vanligaste dödsorsakerna hos medelålders kvinnor i Sverige och varje år drabbas närmare 8500 kvinnor. Antalet kvinnor som avlider är ca 1400 per år. Recidiv av cancer kan bero på att alla cancerceller inte lyckats elimineras vid första behandlingen och istället återkommer i förökat antal. Tidigare forskning visar att lidandet hos cancerpatienter i det sena palliativa skedet omfattar psykiskt, socialt, existentiellt/andligt och fysiskt lidande. Den visar också att välbefinnande uppnås när kropp och själ fylls med meningsfulla upplevelser.

Bakgrund: Allt fler kvinnor överlever bröstcancer vilket är ett resultat av förbättrade metoder för diagnostik, allmän mammografi samt mer effektiva behandlingsmetoder. Gruppen bröstcanceröverlevare har synliggjorts mycket tack vare kampanjen kring Rosa Bandet. Ofta drabbas kvinnor som överlevt av både fysiska och psykosociala problem relaterat till sin bröstcancer. Författarna ville beskriva de existentiella upplevelserna som kvinnorna skulle kunna ha relaterat till sin överlevnad.Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva existentiella upplevelser hos kvinnor som överlevt bröstcancer.Metod: En litteraturöversikt baserad på elva vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativ ansats, relevanta för syftet. Databaser som användes vid artikelsökning var PubMed och ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source.Resultat: Resultatet presenteras i fyra olika teman och två underteman.

Bakgrund: Bröstcancer är den mest förekommande cancersjukdomen bland kvinnor världen över. Den vanligaste behandlingen mot sjukdomen är kirurgi, vilken innefattar mastektomi där hela bröstvävnaden tas bort eller lumpektomi där endast en del av bröstvävnaden avlägsnas. Det kirurgiska ingreppet kan medföra negativa konsekvenser för kvinnorna ur ett fysiskt, emotionellt och socialt perspektiv. Det kan även påverka kvinnors kroppsuppfattning samt hur kvinnorna ser på sig själva. Syfte: Att belysa kvinnors kroppsuppfattning efter kirurgisk behandling där hela eller delar av bröstet tas bort till följd av bröstcancer. Metod: En litteraturöversikt innehållande 12 kvalitativa artiklar som belyser kvinnors kroppsuppfattning efter genomförd kirurgisk behandling. Samtliga inkluderade artiklar kvalitetsgranskades, söktes igenom efter likheter samt skillnader och sammanställdes sedan iform av subkategorier och huvudkategorier i resultatet. Resultat: Åtta olika subkategorier framkom: känsel, attack mot kroppsuppfattningen, identitet och feminitet, attraktion, minskad kvinnlighet, yttre fasad, normer och ideal och rädsla.

Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical NutritionAbstractTitle: Can probiotics prevent atopic dermatitis in children with high risk?Author: Laura Pienihäkkinen and Max OlinSupervisor: Heléne Bertéus ForslundExaminer: Anna WinkvistProgramme: Dietician study programme, 180/240 ECTSType of paper: Examination paper, 15 hpDate: May 22, 2012Background Allergic disease is today common, this including atopic dermatitis, which is the most common inflammatory skin disease in the world. Heredity has been shown to play a major role in the development of this disease. It is therefore of high interest for both the individual and society to find effective methods for preventing atopic dermatitis in individuals with high risk profile. Probiotics are beneficial for the bacterial profile in the intestine and it is therefore of interest to study if they through their anti-inflammatory effect could prevent atopic dermatitis.Objective The aim was to study whether administration of probiotics to the mother and the child (directly or via breast milk) could prevent atopic dermatitis in children with high risk profile (at least one first degree relative with a diagnosed allergic disease).Search strategy A systematic literature search was done in databases PubMed and Scopus with search terms maternal, prenatal, probiotics, allergy, atopic dermatitis, prevention, and children.Selection criteria Randomized, controlled human studies and original articles in English were included.

Prescribed burning was commonly used for site preparation in Sweden to establish new forests until the 1960?s, when mechanical scarification was introduced. During recent decades the interest in prescribed burnings has increased again, mainly due to certifications of forestry stating that 5% of the regeneration areas should be burned on dry and mesic soils. The objective of the study was to evaluate actual influence of prescribed burning compared to other site preparation on stand stem density, growth parameters and tree damages for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) after direct seeding and planting. The study also attempts to simulate growth until first thinning.

The Swedish Transport Administration manage nearly 4,000 railway bridges in different condition and age around the country. These bridges is in constant need of maintenance and requires continuous inspections. This thesis is designed as a damage investigation on a single-track railway bridge south of Solvarbo in Säter municipality. The railway bridge is in operation and serves over 10,000 trains a year, everything from speed trains to freight trains. The bridge is built as a beam bridge, simply supported over a road.

The aim of this study was to evaluate different types of volume and taper equations that can be used to predict single-tree stem volume and stem diameter at any given height along the tree stem for plantation grown Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) and White spruce (Picea glauca (Mounch) Voss) in Iceland. A number of published tree volume equations were tested and modified to predict the total stem volumes over bark but three logarithmic equations were taken for more in-depth analysis. Three taper equations were tested. Two variable-exponent equations (Kozak 1997, Kozak 2004) and one exponential equation described by Biging (1984). Data from a total of 617 sample trees were used in this study, collected from stands in various parts of the country and present different types of stands growing in different soil types and cover most of the site conditions suitable for forestry in Iceland.

BakgrundDiabetes typ 2 är en av de snabbast växande sjukdomarna i både Sverige och resten av världen. Vid diabetes typ 2 utgör egenvård en betydande del av behandlingen och för att klara detta behövs kunskap om sjukdomen. I sjuksköterskeyrket ingår att förse patienter med information och kunskap, bland annat genom patientundervisning. Ett flertal studier beskriver hur information och kunskap uppfattas av patienter och hur det på bästa sätt förmedlas till dem. Däremot saknas ett instrument som mäter patienternas befintliga kunskap om sjukdomen och hur de värderar information.SyfteSyftet med arbetet är att undersöka hur informations- och kunskapsbehovet vid diabetes typ 2 varierar utifrån kön, HbA1c, ålder, utbildning och duration samt identifiera de frågor där informations- och kunskapsbehovet är störst respektive lägst.MetodArbetet grundas på en kvantitativ enkät utformad efter The Toronto Informational Needs Questionnaire-Breast Cancer och är analyserat utifrån data från 86 patienter.  Frågor ur denna enkät har behandlats i dataprogrammet Statistical Package for the Social Sciences och presenteras som deskriptiv statistik.

Earlier attempts at mechanising pre-commercial thinning have been met with varying degrees of success. Most attempts have been based on techniques where residual stems are straddled. Early treatment is essential to limit damage on residual trees. One part of the present study is an evaluation of mechanised pre-commercial thinning using the new Vimek 404R. Vimek 404R is a fairly small machine that permits selective removal of stems, making it potentially suitable also for areas overdue for pre-commercial thinning. The study established the level of performance for the machine, as well as the improvement needed to make it an economically viable option.

Bakgrund: Bröstcancer är den vanligaste cancerformen bland kvinnor och i Sverige diagnostiseras cirka 7000 nya fall per år. Behandlingsstrategierna vid bröstcancer är i första hand kirurgi följd av eventuell strålbehandling och läkemedelsbehandling. Efter genomförd mastektomi erbjuds alla svenska kvinnor plastikkirurgisk rekonstruktion. Rekonstruktion är frivilligt men många kvinnor väljer att rekonstruera för att känna sig mer kvinnliga, mer självsäkra i sin kropp och sin sexualitet och som en ?hel? människa igen.

This thesis is made on behalf of SCA's Forestry Division and is a comparison of two bucking simulation tools: Aptan (manufactured by Skogforsk) and Best/upr (from Berget Systemdesign). The data is based on 32 stands from SCA's forests in Norrbotten and Västerbotten. The objective is to compare the simulations created by the tools with the harvested volumes from those stands. Three variables are needed for the bucking simulation; these are the diameter distribution (at breast height), the relationship function between diameter and height, and the taper coefficients. The volumes of five different assortments from the stands are compared.

The Swedish Transport Administration manage nearly 4,000 railway bridges in different condition and age around the country. These bridges is in constant need of maintenance and requires continuous inspections. This thesis is designed as a damage investigation on a single-track railway bridge south of Solvarbo in Säter municipality. The railway bridge is in operation and serves over 10,000 trains a year, everything from speed trains to freight trains. The bridge is built as a beam bridge, simply supported over a road.

Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) has for many years been used in products to reduce their flammability, mainly in electronic products, textiles and construction materials. In 2003, Sweden imported 300 tons of brominated flame retardants. Leakage of these compounds has polluted natural environments. Fishes has shown increased contents of these substances, especially fat fish, since brominated flame retardants tends to accumulate in fatty tissues. They are also regarded as persistent and that gives them the ability to travel long distances. What also is really scary is that increased levels of brominated flame retardants have been detected in human breast milk. The knowledge of the brominated flame retardants is limited and not so much research has been done in this field. There are many reasons though, to keep the research going. Partly their structural resemblance to well-known toxics as PCB, but also their ability to accumulate in biological systems and enrich in food chains. In which way they affect humans we really don?t know yet.

Burkina Faso as well as most sub-Saharan African countries struggle with providing food for a fast growing population. The dominating farming system is agroforestry parklands. Agroforestry parklands can broadly be defined as areas where scattered trees occur on farmlands as a result of selective clearing. The presence of trees in crop fields may in the long term have a positive effect on the production of annual crops. It is commonly discussed, but not proven, that the presence of trees leads to increased groundwater recharge due to higher infiltration capacity of the soil.