Abstract Chronic heart failure is a common disease in elderly, and is the most common reason for hospitalization in patients over 65 years of age. Research on the elderly and heart failure often focus on treatment strategies, less research is available on patients' own experiences of living with chronic heart failure. The purpose of this interview study, was to gain more knowledge about patients´ own experiences of living with chronic heart failure. Nine patients were interviewed and the text was transcribed verbatim and it was then analyzed with a phenomenological hermeneutical method. From the analysis, three main themes emerged.

Safe retrieval of nutrients from human excreta to fertilize crops in order to gain adequate yields will increase food security and sustainability in agriculture areas with nutrient-poor fields. Safe and nutritious food will meet the dietary needs of the individual which promotes public health and the ability of an active life. Human excreta should be considered as a resource instead of being assumed as waste. Human faeces and urine is excellent fertilizers which may close the nutrient loop if utilized properly. However, sanitation of the excreta is required to prevent disease transmission by reducing the content of gastrointestinal pathogens such as bacteria, viruses and parasites. The objective of this study was to in small scale evaluate the sanitation in a combined liquid compost and urea treatment by monitor the inactivation of bacteria and viruses at the combination three start temperatures, 45, 40 and 35 °C, and three additions of urea, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 % and reference, 0 % urea addition.

By describing and analyzing a self made composition for the Swedish folk music instrument ?nyckelharpa? with emphasis on playing techique, dissonance treatment and interpretation questions are reflected upon regarding how dissonances and andvanced harmonical progressions are treated on a limited instrument such as ?nyckelharpa?. By emphasizing the traditional norm connected to the interpretation and instrumentation of traditional Swedish folk music (a traditon in which the nyckelharpa is included) and comparing the te- chniques connected to it with the recent composed material in a western classical context the possibilities and limitations in composition and interpretation are further investigated. Thus the musical experience and the documentation of the process of composing a concert for nyckelharpa provides a knowledge base for reflective analysis upon questions regarding interpretation, composition and dissonance treatment. This thesis also provides a brief summary of traditional playing and bowing technique as well as a short historical description of the Swedish traditional instrument ?nyckelharpa?..

Bakgrund: När ett barn diagnostiseras med cancer förändras livet för hela familjen. Fokus på det sjuka barnet gör att syskon lätt glöms bort. Därför är det viktigt att sjuksköterskan verkar stödjande för syskon och familjen som helhet och tillgodoser de behov som uppkommer i situationen. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva specifika behov hos syskon till cancersjuka barn. Metod: Studien utformades som en litteraturöversikt där tio artiklar med kvalitativ ansats inkluderades.

Today evidence exist that environmental chemicals deteriorate male sperm quality and that testicular cancer is increasing. Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical with estrogenic effects used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastic and are found in, for instance, plastic boxes, feeding bottles and food containers. Much of the research on how men's reproductive ability is influenced are performed on rats. This review article complies how male rat reproduction is affected by BPA as a model for humans. Studies have investigated how sperm are affected, hormonal changes during reproduction and how reactive oxygen species (ROS) affects sperm.

The purpose of this essay is to describe and analyze how three leisure centers in Örebrocounty are working with gender issues. Our research questions are:What is Machofabriken? How do leisure centers in Örebro county work with equal treatment?In which way do leisure centers in Örebro county work with Machofabriken?s material? Howcome the recreation centers in Örebro don?t use Machofabriken?s material to any greaterextent?We have focused on masculinity oriented gender projects at three leisure centers. We didsemi-structured interviews with three recreation leaders who have all been educated inMachofabriken. The interviews were analyzed based on terms that are central in genderequality and masculinity research.

The purpose of the study was from the perspective of young people that has completed a stay at HVB-home. The respondents are between 15-21 years both boys and girls. The basic questions were: How do the respondents look upon this HVB-homes service process? How do the respondents look upon this HVB-homes service contents? How do the respondents look upon this HVB-homes service regarding available information and how the staff is available? What positive and negative experience do they have from their stay at the HVB-home? We also wish to get a picture of what is important to change to improve the quality on this HVB-home. To receive answers to those questions we formed a questionnaire.

The purpose of the study was from the perspective of young people that has completed a stay at HVB-home. The respondents are between 15-21 years both boys and girls. The basic questions were: How do the respondents look upon this HVB-homes service process? How do the respondents look upon this HVB-homes service contents? How do the respondents look upon this HVB-homes service regarding available information and how the staff is available? What positive and negative experience do they have from their stay at the HVB-home? We also wish to get a picture of what is important to change to improve the quality on this HVB-home. To receive answers to those questions we formed a questionnaire.

Bakgrund: När ett barn diagnostiseras med cancer förändras livet för hela familjen. Fokus på det sjuka barnet gör att syskon lätt glöms bort. Därför är det viktigt att sjuksköterskan verkar stödjande för syskon och familjen som helhet och tillgodoser de behov som uppkommer i situationen. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva specifika behov hos syskon till cancersjuka barn. Metod: Studien utformades som en litteraturöversikt där tio artiklar med kvalitativ ansats inkluderades.

Bakgrund: När ett barn diagnostiseras med cancer förändras livet för hela familjen. Fokus på det sjuka barnet gör att syskon lätt glöms bort. Därför är det viktigt att sjuksköterskan verkar stödjande för syskon och familjen som helhet och tillgodoser de behov som uppkommer i situationen. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva specifika behov hos syskon till cancersjuka barn. Metod: Studien utformades som en litteraturöversikt där tio artiklar med kvalitativ ansats inkluderades.

Att bli kallad till en screening kan uppfattas som ett hot eller en trygghet för kvinnorna. Hur kvinnan uppfattar sin situation kan bero på den kunskap hon har angående screening. Syftet med studien var att beskriva kvinnors uppfattning av screening såsom gynekologisk hälsokontroll och mammografi. Studien har genomförts som en litteraturstudie med hjälp av Granheim och Lundmans metod för kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Det är inte alltid så att screeningen mynnar i ett entydigt negativt svar eller ett svar som tyder på cancer.

This thesis deals with the ethical attitudes of professionals working with Methadone or Subutex assisted rehabilitation, concerning the constructed guidelines and directions from the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare. The central themes in the thesis are: 1. What do professionals think of the rules concerning admissions to the rehabilitation programme? 2. What do professionals think of the rules/criteria for being excluded from the programme? 3.

The main objective of this study is to divide a number of colorectal cancer cases into subgroups based on their molecular features using cluster analysis. The data used is supplied by a research group at Pathology, the Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, and consists, after some preparation, of 455 observations which is a larger data set than many similar studies. The molecular variables that the clustering is based on are CIMP (CpG Island Methylator Phenotype), MSI (Micro Satellite Instability), BRAF- and KRAS-mutations. These are categorical variables and consequently the clustering method used is PAM (Partitioning Around Medoids) which is particularly useful with data on diverse variable level. The final analysis results in four subgroups that are represented by different combinations of attributes on the aforementioned variables.

Chemical substances are spread diffusely and uncontrollably as a result of the increased consumption of goods. REVAQ is a certification system that works to reduce the flow of hazardous substances to Swedish treatment plants and to create a sustainable nutrient recycling. According to REVAQ, the yearly accumulating rate of metals should not exceed 0.2% in soil per year. Silver and bismuth are two metals that do not fulfill this requirement. The silver concentration in sludge decreased during the last decade, however the last few years, it has leveled off.

Bakgrund: När ett barn diagnostiseras med cancer förändras livet för hela familjen. Fokus på det sjuka barnet gör att syskon lätt glöms bort. Därför är det viktigt att sjuksköterskan verkar stödjande för syskon och familjen som helhet och tillgodoser de behov som uppkommer i situationen. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva specifika behov hos syskon till cancersjuka barn. Metod: Studien utformades som en litteraturöversikt där tio artiklar med kvalitativ ansats inkluderades.