AbstractMy purpose of this essay was to discover three- and four-year-olds comprehension of their internal body and then compare the result between their ages. I have used the same methods in both essays, semi-qualitative interviews. It is structured interviews with space for following questions. My formulations of the questions were: Do the children have a comprehension of their internal structure of the body? Do the children have a comprehension of organs and organ systems? Is there any difference between the ages?Their comprehensions I have categorized in four categories and I have seen age related differences in their comprehensions.

Many scientists agree that phytoestrogens could have an effect on the reproduction of an animal. The question is now why and what mechanisms that play an important role. This paper has been focusing on the estrus behavior of gilts by use of a behavioral study. Some of the gilts were given additional feed with the phytoestrogen genistein which commonly occurs in the feed as a part of soybean products. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for progesterone and estradiol concentrations.

SUMMARYThis work consists of a review of the medical records of 142 horses that visited the Equine dermatology clinic, at the University Animal Hospital, UDS, at Ultuna, Uppsala, Sweden, between January 2007 and June 2010. The study answers certain main questions like clinical signs responsible for the visit, the most common diagnoses, their diagnostic procedures, treatment modalities and finally, the outcome of treatment.Among 50 diagnoses, four were predominant followed by additional 46 diagnoses, each presenting by few or, in many cases, only one horse. The most common dermatological problem diagnosed was Equine Sarcoid representing 18,3 % of the cases (26/142), which probably reflects the initiation of a Sarcoid treatment-trial in 2007, that resulted in an accumulation of sarcoid horses in the clinic .The second most common diagnosis was Atopy 12 % (17/142) followed by Allergy with skin affection 9,2 % (13/142) and Acute superficial pyodermia 4,9 % (7/142). If the horses were divided into diagnostic groups, the majority (34,5 %) belonged to HA5 group, (Immunological skin diseases), followed by group HA4, (Infectious and inflammatory conditions of the skin) (22,5 %) and HA6, (Neoplasia) (21,8 %). Traumatic skin injuries represented only 2,1 % of the cases, compared to 80 % of horses in the Agria insurance statistics for veterinary care.The most common clinical sign and reasons for veterinary consultation was pruritus (35,9 %), suspected sarcoids (17,6 %), alopecia (12,7 %), nodules (12 %), seborrea, scaling and crusts (9,2 %) and excoriations (5,6 %), respectively, followed by a scattered number of more uncommon symtoms.The diagnostic methods most frequently applied were cytology and biopsy, used in 41,5 % and 36,6 % of the cases, respectively.

The purpose of this study was to describe how adolescents aged 12-18 years with inflammatory bowel disease experience their illness and what coping strategies they use to manage their illness and improve their wellbeing. The method used was a descriptive literature study, and the result of the study included 15 scientific articles. Our results showed that IBD affected the adolescent?s everyday life and social life with friends, family and activities. The adolescents also reported that they experienced a feeling of vulnerability, altered body image and that they saw themselves as different from healthy subjects.

The virus-mediated disease Rift Valley fever (RVF) was discovered during an outbreak in Kenya in the 1930s. Since then it has spread to most parts of Sub-Saharan Africa, and in the last decades several outbreaks have caused economic and health issues in Africa, Yemen and Saudi-Arabia. The disease mainly affects domestic livestock, causing abortions, but is also a zoonosis. To be able to control the spread of the disease it is important with surveillance for better knowledge about the distribution and virus circulation even in inter-epidemic/epizootic periods. The human population is growing, and people and their livestock constantly move closer to areas with wild animals which act as reservoirs for different viruses. Also, humans and their animals often get within reach for arthropod vectors, hosting or carrying viruses.

Bakgrund: I dag har 220 miljoner människor diabetes världen över och 90 % av dessa har typ 2 diabetes. Sjukdomen föregås alltid av en insulinresistens och eftersom den har en koppling till oxidativ stress är en teori att spårämnet selen kan spela en viktig roll. Det är känt att selen har antioxidativa effekter i kroppen och tidigare djurstudier har visat att selen skulle kunna härma insulinets effekter samt öka insulinkänsligheten.Syfte: Att ta reda på om selen kan skydda mot utvecklingen av typ 2 diabetes. De frågeställningar som användes var om selensupplementering, selenintag via kosten eller selenstatus i blod kan påverka risken att utveckla typ 2 diabetes hos friska individer.Sökväg: Datainsamlingen genomfördes i den medicinska databasen PubMed med sökorden ?selenium AND diabetes mellitus type 2?.

Platelets are small fragments, but they are of crucial importance for the coagulation. The risk of spontaneous bleeding increases when the level of platelets falls below a thrombocyte particle concentration threshold value of 50 x 109/L. In those cases a platelet transfusion might be compulsory. Ongoing research tries to improve the quality of the platelets and to increase the safety of the method used. However, we still need to better understand which factors that affect how patients react upon platelet transfusion.

AbstraktSyftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur genus representeras i HBO`s tv-serieTrue Blood och hur denna porträttering står i kontrast till normer i samhället. Viss fokus ligger även på relationen mellan genus och etnicitet.Vampyrerna i populärkulturen har genomgått en stor förändring under de senaste seklerna vilket diskuteras genom tidigare forskning av Anna Höglund och Katarina Harrisson Lindbergh. Detta hjälper till att ge en bakgrundsbild av de fiktiva varelser som står i centrum för seriens handling.Connells teorier om genus används för att definiera genus och fastställa samhällets bild av hur en man och en kvinna ska vara. Detta kompletteras med Fiskes forskning om hur mening skapas samt hur tv-industrin framställer kön och etnicitet.Baserat på ett antal avsnitt från seriens första säsong identifieras ett antal huvudkaraktärer, två män och två kvinnor, som sedan studeras noggrannare under utvalda scener där de samspelar med varandra. Analysen sker genom en semiotisk analys, med hjälp av Roland Barthes begrepp om denotation och konnotation, för att identifiera vilka egenskaper som utmärker männen och kvinnorna i serien. Dessa egenskaper ställs sedan emot det teoretiska ramverket för att fastställa hur väl seriens genusmönster överensstämde med verkligheten.Ett antal gemensamma teman identifierades och analysen visar att det finns samband mellan den teoretiska ramen och resultaten funna i serien.

BakgrundEn mer stillasittande livsstil med ett högre kaloriintag ökar riskerna för övervikt och andra metabola sjukdomar. För att förebygga och behandla dessa sjukdomar behöver vi bland annat förstå hur hungerkänslor regleras hos människan. Hur stor inverkan blodglukosnivåer har på hungerregleringen är dock omdiskuterat.SyfteSyftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur hungerkänslor och blodglukosnivåer förändras efter en måltid, jämfört med fasta. Kan den upplevda hungern påverkas genom periodisk fas-ta? Hur påverkar en invand måltidsrytm hungern? Hur påverkas hunger och blodglukos i för-väntan på en måltid?MetodTolv friska testpersoner (7 män, 5 kvinnor) där sju stycken var vana vid periodisk fasta och fem inte var det, randomiserades in i två grupper där ena gruppen (Pi) fick äta en 600 kcal pizza medan den andra gruppen fick fasta (F).

The study was carried out at the Kungsängen Research Centre, Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, Uppsala. The technical development in dairy production has resulted in a housing system where feeding and milking is done automatically without human contact, a so called automatic milking system. The motives for utilising an automatic milking system, is to increase the animal welfare and to decrease the need for manual labour. However, the system does involve a change for the animals, among the effects is the deprival or the diminishment of a chance for synchronous behaviour and the animals have to agree among themselves in which order they use the feeding stations and the milking unit itself. How and if this affects the animals well-being and production is yet to be solved. A possible way to form an opinion on this, is to study the animals ranking order along with hormone profiles and production. The purpose of this work was to study the effect of low- vs.

Många människor tycker att kontakt med injektioner, blod eller skador är obehagligt men cirka 3,5% av befolkningen störs av en överdriven rädsla för dessa stimuli, vilket kallas BII-fobi (Blood-Injection-Injury Phobia). Injektionsfobi är en typ av BII-fobi och det har hittills inte funnits några mätmetoder för injektionsfobi hos barn. Studiens syfte var att undersöka de psykometriska egenskaperna hos Injektionsfobiskalan anpassad till barn samt att samla in normdata för barn i åldrarna 8-17 år. Data från 677 barn samlades in i skolor i Stockholmsområdet. Resultaten visade att skalan hade god reliabilitet och god samtidig och diskriminativ validitet.

The veterinary handling of wildlife, both in zoos and in the wild, commonly requires that the patients need to be captured and immobilized for examination or treatment. This emphasises the need for quick, on-site, laboratory equipment, in order to minimize the analysis time and thus the stress for the animal and also in order to increase the possibility of starting relevant treatment early on. The aim of this pilot study was to determine whether Serum Amyloid A (SAA) could be a measured in blood samples from bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) and South American tapirs (Tapirus terrestris). SAA rises to its maximum about 24 hours after the introduction of an inflammatory agent in companion animals. This also correlates with the estimated time it takes for animals at Kolmården Wildlife Park to be examined and having blood samples collected after being observed as sick. The study also evaluated whether the Eurolyser SOLO, using a turbidometric immunoassay (TIA) developed for human diagnostics, could be used for such analysis. This pilot study was a retrospective analysis of SAA in convenience sampled frozen serum, collected from dolphins, elephants and tapirs.

Diabetes mellitus is a rising epidemic throughout the world and there is currently great interest in quantifying the beta-cell mass (BCM) in vivo non-invasively. In the present experiment, the feasibility of in vivo imaging of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) in beta-cells was examined, using the positron emission tomography (PET) tracer [68Ga]Ga-DO3A-VS-Cys40-exendin-4 as a marker, in native pancreatic beta-cells of a porcine diabetic animal model and healthy controls. Eight Swedish high-health domestic pigs were randomly assigned to be either controls or made diabetic using streptozotocin (STZ). The experiment proceeded during eight weeks, starting with an acclimatisation period. Once the pigs had been socialised they underwent surgery for the insertion of a jugular vein catheter, allowing induction of diabetes with STZ, intravenous (i.v.) injections and stress-free blood sampling. Development of diabetes was confirmed by clinical examinations, blood glucose values and insulin-staining of pancreatic sections post mortem. The diabetic pigs were insulin treated and responded well.

Bakgrund: Typ 1 diabetes (T1D) och graviditet är en kombination förknippad med risker hos mor och barn ochdet är av största betydelse att hålla blodsockret inom normala nivåer för den gravida kvinnan. Kvantitativastudier visar att kvinnor med T1D har en hög grad av ångest, depression och negativa tankar under graviditet.För att på ett djupare plan bättre förstå upplevelser under graviditet hos kvinnor med T1D krävs kvalitativastudier. Syfte: Syftet är att genom en metasyntes analysera och integrera resultat från kvalitativ forskning kringupplevelser under graviditet hos kvinnor med typ 1 diabetes (T1D). Metod: En metasyntes baserad på dentolkande metaetnografin genomfördes. Sökningar utfördes i databaserna Cinahl och PubMed.

A sample of milk inoculated with S. aureus was treated with penicillin, and Antipen (a new commercial product containing penicillinase) was added. To another sample with S. aureus and penicillin, formic acid to pH 5 was added, and to yet another sample, a combination of formic acid and Antipen was added. Controls with no penicillin were treated in the same way.