ABSTRACT. Introduction: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus which occurs worldwide and spreads between humans mainly through sex, from mother to child, blood and blood products and between injecting drug users. After been infected with HIV for a couple of years the final stage of the infection progress into Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), and there is no cure or vaccine, only medication that delays the development of the disease. Objective: The aim of this thesis is to examine the preventive work against HIV in Sweden, the groups at risk for getting infected and to highlight sexual attitudes and behaviours among adolescents and young adults. Method: A literature based study method was used and the material is based on scientific articles and reports from active actors within the field of HIV prevention.

AbstractUppsatsen handlar om tv-spelen Hitman: Blood Money (2006) och Hitman: Absolution (2012) samt dess adaptionsförhållanden till filmtolkningen Hitman (2007). Spelen är utvecklade av det danska spelföretaget IO Interactive och filmen är regisserad av den franska regissören Xavier Gens. Analysen är baserad på åtta teoretiska texter varav en text handlar om tv-spel och dess förhållande till film, fyra texter om adaption (varav två närmare går in på auteurteorier), en text om våld, en text om skräck och slutligen en text om genreteori. Uppsatsen tar upp problematiken i adaptionsprocessen med fokus på överföring från spel till film och sedan vice versa.Den tar också upp tre fördjupningsämnen som är anpassade till spelen och filmen samt ett mindre fördjupningsämne om vem som har rätt till att kalla sig auteur. Dessa tre primära fördjupningsämnen är skräck, våld och genre.

The purpose of this literature study was to describe techniques for monitoring general anesthesia and standing chemical restraint in the horse. A number of various techniques and devices related to e.g. blood pressure measurement, blood gas analysis and pulse oximetry are defined, and finally their clinical relevance and reliability are discussed. The equine patient is generally far more exposed to anesthesia-related risks than other smaller species. Complications such as hypotension and hypercapnia are commonly seen during general anesthesia. Thus, close monitoring is essentially performed by the veterinary nurse, whom is responsible for monitoring the anesthetized patient.

Today most dosages used in horse medicine are based on studies in adult horses. Since there are differences between adult and neonatal horses with respect to different pharmacological parameters this can cause problems when administring drugs to neonatal foals. Neonatal sepsis is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in foals and aggressive antibiotic treatment is needed immediately when sepsis is suspected. In Sweden the combination of trimethoprim/sulphadiazine and bensylpenicillin is often used as the initial treatment. When administering drugs, interactions can occur between the drugs and endogenous substances.

In Swedish sheep industry it is desired to have lambs slaughtered evenly distributed over the year. Swedish sheep are generally seasonal breeders with lambs born in the spring and slaughtered in the autumn. Some of the breeds, e.g. Swedish Finewool and Roslag sheep breeds have shown ability to lamb out of season. For increased knowledge on the possibilities to breed for out-of-season lambing in Swedish sheep breeds, the aim of this master thesis is to study the variation in frequency of two alleles in the MTNR1A gene in the three breeds; Gotland, Swedish Finewool, and Roslag sheep.

Mastitis, inflammation in the udder tissue, caused by S. aureus is a big problem in dairy cattle production. It causes suffering for the cow and curing or replacing the infected cow is costly for the farmer. It is known that beef cattle also suffer from mastitis caused by S. aureus.

Sammanfattning Bakgrund:Sedan början på förra århundrandet är blodtransfusioner en av de främsta livräddande medicinska behandlingarna. Sjuksköterskan är ansvarig under hela arbetsprocessen vid administrering av blodprodukter. Sjuksköterskans arbete utgör en livsviktig uppgift som innefattar patientsäkerhet genom att sjuksköterskan övervakar patienten för att tidigt kunna upptäcka symtom och därmed förhindra att allvarliga och livshotande komplikationer uppstår.Syfte:Syftet var att belysa blodtransfusioner utifrån sjuksköterskans och patientens erfarenheter.Metod:Metoden som användes var en litteraturbaserad studie enligt Friberg. Datainsamlingen utfördes i databaserna Cinahl with full text och Pubmed with full text med sökorden nursing, nursing care, blood transfusion, transfusion, patient care och patient experience. Resultatet baserades på sex vetenskapliga publikationer med både kvalitativ och kvantitativ design.

During football games neuromuscular fatigue occuring following eccentric movements such as sprint, jump and run that occur during games. To avoid injury, overtraining and performance decreases, it is important to know when players are recovered. The aim of the pilotstudy was to investigate physiological changes that occur during football matches and if they affect the recovery pattern after several games in professional football players. The method was divided into two sub-studies in which 12 professional footballers, in substudy 1 performed counter movement jump (CMJ) and drop jump (DJ) from 40 cm and fill out a recovery form for muscle soreness 36 hours before, 12-16 and 60-64 hours after 11 different competetive games. Blood samples were taken on the players in connection with one match to examine the activity of muscle enzyme creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) of the players.

EVA, Equine Viral Arteritis, was diagnosed for the first time in 1953 in USA. The disease gained international interest in 1984, when there were several outbreaks of abortion at Thoroughbred studs in USA. EAV, Equine Arteritis Virus, is an RNA virus in the Arteriviridae family. There is only one serotype of EAV but several strains and the strains have different virulence. EAV is transmitted in two different ways: by aerosols, or by venereal transmission.

Syfte: Syftet var att granska det vetenskapliga underlaget och analysera om det fanns effekter av bl?b?rsintag p? plasmaglukos (P-glukos), systoliskt blodtryck (SBP) och diastoliskt blodtryck (DBP) hos vuxna med normala niv?er av P-glukos, SBP och DBP. Metod: En systematisk litteraturs?kning gjordes i databaserna PubMed och Scopus d?r randomiserade kontrollerade studier efters?ktes. Inkluderad population var individer med normala P-glukosniv?er och blodtrycksniv?er samt utan funktionsneds?ttning eller diagnostiserad sjukdom. Interventionen var f?rska, alternativt frysta bl?b?r eller frystorkat bl?b?rspulver.

The genus Borrelia is a widespread, pathogenic pest and the causative of among others borreliosis or Lyme disease. The vector for the bacteria is the hard tick, Ixodes ricinus and the infection is transferred through a bite. Untreated, Borrelia may cause arthritis, heart damage or neuroborreliosis. Infection is made possible through different strategies for avoiding the body?s complement system.

This essay is intended for veterinary nurses and its purpose is to contribute to an increased knowledge about the ferret and there by a better nursing care at clinics. The essay discuss in briefness origin and earlier use of the ferret but also anatomy, physiology and reproduction. The senses of the ferret, as vision and hearing, are described in connection with behaviour. The part of the essay where nursing care is described bring up procedures as handling when collecting blood, medical techniques and how the clinic best should be suited for these animals. The main part of the essay is based on literature studies but it also contains a study visit at Blå Stjärnans animal hospital in Göteborg. 23.

Hard-to-heal ulcers are resource intensive due to the fact that they are difficult to treat and especially vulnerable to bacterial invasion. The bacterial culture contaminating these wounds often consist of several different bacterial organisms that originate from endogenous sources. Necrotic material in ischemic ulcers provide nutrition which support bacterial reproduction, increasing the risk of infection. Determining causative pathogen in infected ulcers proves to be difficult when culturing swab samples, however Staphylococcus aureus and hemolytic streptococci generally act as primary pathogens.    The aim of the study was to investigate if the detection rate increased for S. aureus and hemolytic streptococci when culturing swab samples from ulcers on Columbia CNA; a media selective for gram-positive bacteria.

Lupus is the result of an investigative project in illustration. In my degree-work I have investigated the different guises of the wolf, which I have thenillustrated visually combined with some portions of text. The result, presentedin the form of a book of 36 pages, is narrated in a poetic and free style with meas a personal author. The images of the book tell the story of both the wolf of fleshand blood, as well as the wolf as a symbol. My work is produced with the hope thatby talking about the wolf in a way other than the standard, new ways of regarding apresently endangered but valuable animal, can arise..

Holmen Skog AB is an important supplier of conifer pulpwood to the Iggesund Paperboard mill. After logging and transport to the landing by a forwarder, the wood is loaded on trucks for further transport, often by using separate loaders. During this handling process considerable amounts of stone material is sometimes mixed into the pulpwood and this causes problems for the industry. The aim of this study is to identify which part of the chain from forest to pulpmill, that contributes the most to this contamination. Sizes and total volumes of the contaminating stones were also investigated.