Hemp is a versatile plant with many uses that has been around for thousands of years. The plant is highly adaptable andwill cultivate in almost any soil. It has excellent remediation properties and has shown to be relatively consistent when itcomes to crop yields. The aim of this literature survey is to examine how hemp can be used to be considered asustainable energy crop in Sweden through database searches and interviews. Hemps characteristics as an energy cropand its remediation properties is evaluated and compared with other plants that are used in Sweden.

Energi i form av olja möjliggjorde under 1950- talet en mekanisering av skogsbruket. Accelererande klimatförändringar ställer nu krav på att den fossila energin som skogsmaskinerna är beroende av måste ersättas. Syftet med uppsatsen är att utifrån ett kulturperspektiv undersöka hur Sveriges skogsägarföreningar kommer att påverkas av den förändrade tillgången till energi. För att besvara syftet genomfördes fem djupintervjuer. Studien visar att skogsägarföreningarna har en kulturellt präglad bilda av miljön som formbar och att förändringen främst ses som en möjlighet att framställa Bioenergi för att bryta den sjunkande produktiviteten.

The main purpose of this master thesis is to identify guidelines for a sustainable production that can provide useful information concerning the establishment of a biodiesel production. These guidelines concern the surrounding production environment, such as infrastructures and industries.The thesis is based on theoretical grounds surrounding industrial symbiosis, biodiesel production and how sustainable development should be designed. A study of an already established producer in a similar business area has been used to provide a picture of similar projects. The thesis has with the supervisor's consent focused on the production conditions that are affected by location.The production conditions selected are heating, raw material market, residual and sustainable profile. These are then evaluated through an Excel-based sensitivity analysis.

Användandet av skogsbränsle som Bioenergi är på framfart i samhället både inom Sverige och internationellt. Trots att människan har använt trädbränsle i sin vardag sedan begynnelsen kan hanteringen rationaliseras ytterligare. För att hänga med och stå främst i utvecklingen behövs rationella metoder för bearbetning och hantering av denna förnyelsebara energikälla. Syftet med denna studie är att erhålla en uppfattning om kostnadsbilden för levererad flis till Umeå Energis kraftvärmeverk på Dåvamyran, Umeå. Flisen transporteras från skog till en tänkt terminal på Basamyran i Fredrika. Vidaretransport sker till Dåvamyran med ett avstånd på 127 km.

The purpose of this study is to compare the economic differences between withdraw of forest fuel and withdraw of pulpwood in first thinning, to see which method gives the maximum profitability (income - cost). Another purpose is to investigate the economic impact of the thicket cleaning. The study compares four different methods: i) pulpwood output with thicket cleaning, ii) pulpwood output without thicket cleaning, iii) forest fuel output with thicket cleaning and iv) forest fuel output without thicket cleaning. The study was conducted in a 30-years old stand, dominated by spruce, outside Harg in Uppland. The method that generated the best economic net income was pulpwood without thicket cleaning. It generated a positive net of 1,383 SEK per hectare. Forest fuel output without thicket cleaning also generated a positive net in 720 kronor per hectare.

In the near future we need to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions significantly for the benefit of the environment around us. The European Union has de-manded a variety of climate and energy goals to be achieved by year 2020, the ?20-20-20? targets. With these aims, The European Union means that we must reduce our emissions from fossil fuels and instead increase our renewable fuels. With stump harvest in the forest it?s possible to increase the use of renewable fuels and reduce our emissions from fossil fuels.

The aim of the study was to compare productivity in first thinning of birch stands, when either energy- or pulpwood was harvested. The systems total profitability was also compared by including forwarding and chipping costs. A Gremo 950 HPVR harvester was used and the same driver was used under the entire study. During the pulpwood harvest a Logmax 4000b harvester head was used and a feller buncher head made by Silvatec was used during the energy wood harvest. Six study unit pairs were located in a birch dominated stand outside Ängelholm in Skåne.

I rapporten "Marknadsläget på Gotland för biobränsle från skogsråvara" (Rapport i kursen Bioenergi C) framkom vissa möjligheter för lantbrukare på Gotland att ta del i Bioenergimarknadens utveckling på Gotland. Ökad användning av biobränsle förbättrar miljön och ger fler jobb och stärkt lönsamhet i jord-, skogs- och landsbygdsföretag på bränslemarknaden. Genom att integrera framåt i bränslekedjan till lantbrukarägda värmeanläggningar får lantbruket större del av produktionskedjans förädlingsvärde. Gotlands totala produktiva skogsmarksareal uppgår till 125 000 hektar vilket utgör 41 % av landarealen. Övervägande delen av skogen är privatägd (85 %), näst största ägarkategorin är Visby Stift med drygt 5 %.

Varje år lämnas ca 150 000 ha röjningsskog som skulle behövas röjas, orörda. Deröjningsbestånd man låter vara orörda, växer upp till att kallas konfliktbestånd. Konfliktbeståndenkan väljas att röjas traditionellt, men idag finns ett alternativ som innebär biobränsleuttag i dessabestånd. Biobränsle från skogen kan bestå av udda träslag, träd från renodlade energibestånd ochavverkningsrester. Det biobränsle som berörs i detta arbete kommer från småträdshantering.Utgår man från konfliktbestånden som finns idag i Sverige, och deras energiinnehåll, finns ca 64TWh i dessa.

I want to look at the possibilities to start selling hot water from a small district heating plant with bioenergy. My reason for doing this project is to look at a new business opportunity for our farm. Our company have less work during the winter time compared to the spring and this project will give us more work during the winter. I also want to take as much material as possible for heating from our farm in order to increase the value of the products from the farm. The project is in a village near us, where we should support a school, a churh, a home for the aged, a kindergarten and a parish hall with heat. In my work I have compared two different alternatives with each other. The first alternative is to put a central heater in one of the buildings, the home for the aged, in which we will burn oat.

When the Swedish Forestry Act was changed in 1994, brushing of young stands became non mandatory. Since then the annual need for brushing in the country has increased by about 100 000 hectares per year. In later years the price for biomass energy has increased to the same level as pulp wood. The high price on biomass energy and the large areas of stands in the need of brushing has created a new market with its own technical, economical and environmental conditions. There is a development of various techniques to manage the forestry stands with late brushing.

Att som entreprenör utveckla en ny idé till en kommersiell och lönsam produkt är ingen lätt uppgift. Förutom de rent tekniska utmaningarna så måste expansionen av företaget och utvecklingen av produkten eller produktionsprocessen finansieras. Denna uppsats kommer att behandla frågan om det finns några framgångsfaktorer eller fällor som expanderande teknikföretag lätt hamnar i genom en kvalitativ studie av två case-företag. Målet med denna uppsats är att på djupet studera vad expanderande företag bör tänka på vid extern finansiering med kapital mot ägande, även kallat riskkapital. Utifrån teoriavsnittet kommer samband att kopplas till case-företagens genomförande av den externa finansieringen.

Bioenergy from the forest has been heavily debated in Sweden for several decades due to the interest of society to decrease dependence upon fossil fuels and limit the effects of climate change. The actual use of bioenergy from the forest has shifted over the years but increased during the last decades. Private actors within forest and nature conservation sectors play an important role for the development of bioenergy from the forest as well as for the debate and the implementation of political goals. Forestry in Sweden is characterised by ?freedom under responsibility? for private actors and the perspective of governance is valuable for studying actors and discourses.

The bioenergy market has been introduced relatively late in a perspective of the Swedish forestry. Nowadays branches and tops are used more frequently as bioenergy after harvesting. Therefore, it has developed a competitive situation between pulpwood and bioenergy. This situation has even established some questions. Two examples of these are: ? At what top diameter should the final piece of pulpwood be crosscut to get the best economically result? ? Should the top diameter, at the final piece of pulpwood, be crosscut at a thicker or smaller diameter than what is done today? The purpose of this report is to answer these two questions when the harvesting is made motor manually in beech stands.

The demand for renewable energy is increasing in Sweden. This consequently increases the pressure for and willingness to pay for forest fuels. One method to extract forest fuel from suitable commercial thinnings is the "long top method? (LT-method). With this method saw logs and non-delimbed tops are recovered, i.e.