Syftet med denna systematiska litteraturstudie var att belysa hur sjuksköterskans omvårdnad kan stödja egenvårdsförmågan hos patienter med IBS. Den viktigaste omvårdnadsåtgärden var att tidigt i samband med diagnostiseringen av IBS, ge information och kunskap om sjukdomen, dess prognos samt behandling, vilket visades förbättra upplevd livskvalitet samt ge symtom-lindring. IBS skolor startade av sjuksköterskor förbättrade patienternas hälsobeteende samt minskade symtomen. Genom introduktion av guidebok innehållande råd om kost, motion, stresshantering samt symtomkontroll upplevde patienterna en minskning av symtom, vilket även ledde till en minskning av antalet besök inom sjukvården. När sjuksköterskan använde olika frågeformulär i kontakten med patienter med IBS kunde patienternas problem identifieras och strategier för egenvården planeras samt individuella handlingsplaner skapas.

Assessing the emotional state in animals is important in order to establish the quality of their welfare, therefore it is important to investigate under what circumstances animals experience these emotions and to find indicators of their existence. The aim of this thesis was to detect possible behavioural indicators for positive emotions in dogs. These behavioural indicators could be helpful to increase both dogs? and humans? overall well-being in today?s society since they could help e.g. dog owners and caretakers to interpret behaviours displayed by dogs and their intentions so they can respond accordingly.The subjects used were 9 research beagles and each dog participated in three different treatments, assumed to be experienced as positive situations, where communicative interaction was initiated with the dog by engaging in 1) physical contact (P), 2) verbal contact (V) or 3) both physical and verbal contact simultaneously (PV).

Den insulinlika tillväxtfaktorn II (IGF II) är ett proteinhormon som reglerar cellers proliferation, tillväxt, migration, differentiering och överlevnad. Den utövar sin biologiska funktion via IGF I-receptorn. Dess tillgänglighet för bindning till IGF-1R regleras av en familj bestående av sex IGF-bindarproteiner (IGFBPs). IGF II kan också inducera mitos via en alternativt splitsad variant av insulinreceptorn (insulin receptor isoform A (IR-A)). De cirkulerande nivåerna av IGF II kontrolleras genom IGF II-receptorn, som saknar signalfunktion och är homolog med mannos-6- fosfatreceptorn. Tystad prägling av IGF II-genen är en återkommande observation vid en utvecklingsrubbning kallad Beckwith-Wiedemanns syndrom, vilket innefattar okontrollerad tillväxt och i många fall en njurtumör hos barn, Wilms? tumör. Tillväxthämning ses vid mutationer i genlocuset hos IGF II och den närliggande genen H19 vid en annan utvecklingsrubbning, Silver-Russells syndrom.

People with chronic fatigue syndrome and their experience and need for care referred to Barbro Gustafsson's theory of acknowledgement and the SAUK-model..

People with Aspergers syndrome (AS) have proven difficulties maintaining jobs according to previous research. This is a quality study. Four women with AS were interviewed about their experience of employment. What difficulties and contributions have they experience at work? What is the self experienced need of support within the research group? The result has been analyzed with different types of ?support?.

In this paper we have chosen to focus on social workers and their experiences of interacting with clients with neuropsychiatric disabilities, in example persons with ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder), Asperger syndrome, autism and/or Tourette syndrome. The main purpose was to look into three areas: What knowledge do social workers mean that they need about neuropsychiatric disabilities and how can their needs of knowledge can be met? How do they experience the meeting with a person with neuropsychiatric disabilities? How does the cooperation function between authorities regarding persons with neuropsychiatric disabilities?Definition of the concept of disability and function from a historical perspective points out that the approach has changed over time. Previous research studies of the interaction in meeting between the client and the social worker shows that the social worker carries two faces, so called aspects. The first aspect is about help and care and the second aspect is about administrative functions.

Background: Sleep-disturbances in persons with Alzheimer´s disease are prevalent. They are characterized as increased frequency and duration of awakenings, decreased slow-wave sleep, REM-sleep and increase of day-time napping. Depression and lower quality of life are associated with sleep-disturbances. Altogether a significant source of stress for caregivers and an important factor in institutionalization. Non-pharmacological treatment alternatives are rare.Method: Single-case A-B-C design, with non-concurrent multiple baselines, a pilotstudy.Aim: To explore if an educational program on sleep, sleep disturbances and behavioural change directed towards caregivers improved sleep, depression and quality of life in persons with Alzheimer´s disease living at home.

White-Nose Syndrome, WNS, is an emerging fungal disease in the Northern American bat population causing mass mortality in infected hibernacula. Geomyces destructans is a newly discovered psychrophilic fungus causing WNS but the pathogenesis and epidemiology of the disease is not yet fully clarified. Geomyces destructans has been found in Europe but has not been a cause of mass mortality there. This study is the first investigation done to see if G. destructans is present in Sweden.

The codling moth, Cydia pomonella is a common pest in apple orchards and can be found worldwide. Feeding by codling moth larvae can cause a substantial decrease in apple yield. Control methods comprise for example the use of pesticides, viruses and pheromones. As a sustainable control method, pheromones have been successfully applied to disrupt moth mating behaviour. Other behaviours like foraging, search for mating sites or host finding could be potential targets for additional odour-mediated behavioural manipulation but need further investigations of the underlying odour stimuli and behavioural plasticity. Many insects are attracted to the smell of fermenting fruit and associated microorganisms.

Tårsubstitut används mycket bland linsbärare och personer med torra ögon. Detär vanligt nuförtiden att arbete i kontorsmiljö och vid datorer ger problem medtorra ögon, Computer vision syndrome (CVS), och att dessa personer dåanvänder tårsubstitut. Ofta står det i tårsubstitutens bipacksedel att de kan geproblem med dimsyn en stund efter applicering.Tidigare studier har visat att aberrationerna i ögat ökar vid applicering avtårsubstitut och möjligtvis är det anledningen till att dimsynen uppkommer.Syfte: Syftet med studien är att ta reda på hur mycket synkvaliteten påverkas avtvå olika tårsubstitut och hur lång tid den påverkas.Metod: Metoden innebar att närvisus och aberrationer mättes på 30 patienter (60ögon) först utan tårsubstitut. Sedan applicerades det första tårsubstitutet(Systane) i höger öga och ytterligare en mätning av närvisus och aberrationerutfördes. Därefter gjordes ytterligare 5 mätningar av aberrationerna, en var fjärdeminut.

The aim of the study was to explore the methods used in horticultural therapy gardens in rehabilitating people suffering from fatigue syndrome. Nine horticultural therapy gardens were contacted of wich three chose to participate. Using case study as method e-mail interviews was carried out with the participants about their establishment and what kind of theories they based their methods upon. The material collected from the interviews was complemented with additional data from the establishments web pages and information pamphlets. Collected data was processed trough content analysis and then formed as background for the development of a program theory for horticultural therapy.

Introduction: Reversal of a temporary loop-ileostomy is the final step after a long treatment for rectalcancer, an event that the patient has been looking forward to for a long time. Studies have shown that patients often have a significant impact on the bowel function after reversal of the stoma.Aim: To describe how the patient experienced the first time at home after reversal of a temporary loop-ileostomy due to rectalcancer. Method: Qualitative semi-structured interviews, with 15-20 patients who have undergone reversal of a temporary loop-ileostomy due to rectal cancer, will be conducted. The interviewes will be analysed using qualitative content analysis according to Graneheim & Lundman (2004). The patients will be recruited from the colorectal unit at Sahlgrenska University hospital/Östra and from the surgical unit at Kungälvs hospital.

Background: Sleep-disturbances in persons with Alzheimer´s disease are prevalent. They are characterized as increased frequency and duration of awakenings, decreased slow-wave sleep, REM-sleep and increase of day-time napping. Depression and lower quality of life are associated with sleep-disturbances. Altogether a significant source of stress for caregivers and an important factor in institutionalization. Non-pharmacological treatment alternatives are rare.Method: Single-case A-B-C design, with non-concurrent multiple baselines, a pilotstudy.Aim: To explore if an educational program on sleep, sleep disturbances and behavioural change directed towards caregivers improved sleep, depression and quality of life in persons with Alzheimer´s disease living at home.

Assessing and measuring post-operative pain in all animals is a challenge, but doing it in small mammals, for example guinea pigs, presents an even larger difficulty. Validated pain scales developed for use in dogs in clinical practice are currently available, but no such scale has been widely accepted for use in guinea pigs in the veterinary setting. In this experimental study, six guinea pigs that had undergone surgery and anaesthesia were observed for behavioural changes that could be associated with pain. The six guinea pigs were also given pain scores with the use of Colorado State University Feline Acute Pain Scale (CSU-APSF), a scale which uses both behaviour when not handled, body tension and response to palpation to evaluate pain intensity. The six guinea pigs showed a number of different behaviours, for example rigid posture, fixed stare and ?wet dog response? (the body is vigourosly shaken), that could be associated with pain.

The purpose with this work is to describe the language that is built around the chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) in Sweden. Our questions are: What does the professional field look like; who writes, about what and for which kind of readers? How do they describe the expressions and the upcoming of CFS? For which reasons can CFS be considered as a medical diagnosis/illness? How can CFS be understood from a social perspective? Our theoretical starting point is a social constructive theory and also Karin Johannisson's theory about medicalization and Foucault?s theory about power. We have from a literature-exposition of Swedish articles from 1989 to 2006, done a social constructive discourse analysis with help from Laclau & Mouffe's discourse theory, and Fairclough's model of social practices. In our textual analysis we found three dominating discourses: A medical discourse, a social/cultural discourse and a general/popular discourse.