I uppsatsen utreds under vilka omständigheter som aktieägarna eller företrädarna i ett svenskt processaktiebolag kan bli ansvariga för bolagets skulder genom ansvarsgenombrott. I uppsatsen görs också en studie av det atypiska processbolag HQ AB. .

The real estate industry is a sector where the companies generally have a capital structure which is high leveraged. The financing? with the related terms ? is therefore specifically of high importance for the companies in the sector. Traditionally, the way of obtain financing is by borrowing from the bank. Lately, due to new bank regulations, the banks have become more restrictive in their lending which have lead to a growth of other financing alternatives.

The ambition with this study is to look into and create an understanding for how an intranet can work as a support system in work processes in capacity as a source of knowledge. We want to enhance the understanding for which kind of knowledge that can be coded in and transmitted by an intranet, and which that is lost in this process. We also want to clarify what it takes to get this knowledge, in collaboration with the intranet, to support the work in an organization. It is a qualitative case study at a Swedish bank. It consisted of semi standardized, half structured interviews with five people in one of the bank?s local offices.

The real estate industry is a sector where the companies generally have a capital structure which is high leveraged. The financing? with the related terms ? is therefore specifically of high importance for the companies in the sector. Traditionally, the way of obtain financing is by borrowing from the bank. Lately, due to new bank regulations, the banks have become more restrictive in their lending which have lead to a growth of other financing alternatives.

Vole populations in northern Scandinavia vary in cycles with peaks every third or fourth year as described by the National Environmental Monitoring Programme of small mammals (NEMP). Some vole species have declined in population numbers since the NEMP started in 1971, especially the grey-sided vole (Myodes rufocanus) which is nearly extinct in the forested region. Since small mammals are an important food source for several avian and mammalian predators, the decline in vole numbers is expected to have consequences for the whole food chain, especially if other vole species start to decline in numbers. This study tried to test the hypothesis that presence and abundance of M. rufocanus (a specialist species) and Myodes glareolus (a generalist species) can be predicted by patch size and connectivity of forest patches >60 years old with a minimum of 15% pine >100years old.

The real estate industry is a sector where the companies generally have a capital structure which is high leveraged. The financing? with the related terms ? is therefore specifically of high importance for the companies in the sector. Traditionally, the way of obtain financing is by borrowing from the bank. Lately, due to new bank regulations, the banks have become more restrictive in their lending which have lead to a growth of other financing alternatives.

Bakgrund: IFRS 13 behandlar värdering och upplysningskrav för värdering till verkligt värde som är en marknadsbaserad värdering. Banksektorn är en verksamhet som får tydliga konsekvenser med svårigheterna att värdera sina finansiella tillgångar till verkligt värde. En finansiell tillgång som bankerna har är utlåning till allmänheten. Mindre banker får fler förfrågningar om lån med hög risk och för att undvika en felbedömning av utlåningen bör en riskbedömning göras. Om en bank gör denna riskbedömning felaktigt kan bankerna få en förlust och förlora eget kapital.Syfte: Syftet med arbetet är att granska skillnaderna mellan några mindre bankers värdering till verkligt värde av posten utlåning till allmänheten.

As of today, securitization is an established product on the capital market. The first transaction was made in the US in the 1970s. Since then the product has been developed and today there are several different structures of the product. Internationally securitization has been used for two reasons. Originally securitization was used to gain capital relief, but since capital requirements such as Basel II were implemented, the usage of securitization changed to more of a funding source.

 Today a major part of the energy produced steams from fossil fuels, finite resources, and a change towards an energy sector based on renewable energy is necessary. Sweden is one of the leading countries with regards to investments in renewable energy but most other countries have a long way to go. This makes it interesting in developing renewable energy projects in new markets in countries like Poland where still a lot of fossil fuel is used. Large infrastructure development projects are very costly and therefore external investors needs to be involved. The investors play an important role in changing the usage of fossil fuels towards renewable energy sources.

Idag karakteriseras den svenska bankmarknaden av hård konkurrens på en mättad marknad vilket gör det viktigt att ha behålla kunderna. För att lyckas med detta informerar bankerna kunderna kontinuerligt om nya och befintliga tjänster och produkter, oftast i brevform. Fler kunder gör fler affärer i dagens samhälle vilket leder till ytterligare brev till kunderna. Ovan resulterar i att bankerna överexponerar sina egna kunder med brev. Kunden upplever att den får för många brev och kan därmed tappa intresset för att läsa breven och kan därmed missa viktig information.

Att en ma?klare samarbetar med en bank a?r idag mer regel a?n undantag. A?r 2011 tra?dde den nya fastighetsma?klarlagen i kraft som mo?jliggjorde fo?r ma?klare att fa? ersa?ttning fo?r fo?rmedlandet av bola?nekunder med villkoret att ersa?ttningen skall vara av en obetydlig summa. Vi har underso?kt ett samarbete mellan en bank och en bola?nefo?rmedling.

The real estate industry is a sector where the companies generally have a capital structure which is high leveraged. The financing? with the related terms ? is therefore specifically of high importance for the companies in the sector. Traditionally, the way of obtain financing is by borrowing from the bank. Lately, due to new bank regulations, the banks have become more restrictive in their lending which have lead to a growth of other financing alternatives.

Interest deduction limitation rules have an important function as the regulations prevent the Swedish tax base to decrease. However, the restrictions must not be at the expense of the business environment. Interest deduction limitation rules that do not work in a satisfactory manner are likely to make Sweden a less favourable country to establish in. The first Swedish rules which were aimed to restrict interest deduction threaded into force in 2009. The rules were applicable to intercompany loans related to acquisitions of part ownership rights and the aim was to reduce tax avoidance through corporate group-loans. The rules proved to be ineffective since the avoidance continued and the Swedish rules could not tackle the problem.

Nya banker etablerar sig kontinuerligt i Sverige. Det är därför av stort intresse för etablerade banker att ha nöjda och lojala kunder för att klara av marknadens hårda konkurrens. Uppsatsen riktar sig mot banksektorn och undersöker bankkundernas åsikter kring vad kundnöjdhet är och vad de efterfrågar från bankerna för att vara nöjda och lojala.Genom en fokusgrupp har denna studie undersökt hur lokala bankkunder upplever bankerna utifrån ett kundnöjdhets- och lojalitetsperspektiv. Fokusgruppen bestod av sju deltagare som fick svara på frågor i en diskussionsform. Data från fokusgruppen ställs mot vald teori och sammanställs i en analys.Resultatet av uppsatsarbetet visar att kundnöjdhet hos bankkunder inte är resultatet av hur väl företag lyckas överträffa kundens förväntningar.

The real estate industry is a sector where the companies generally have a capital structure which is high leveraged. The financing? with the related terms ? is therefore specifically of high importance for the companies in the sector. Traditionally, the way of obtain financing is by borrowing from the bank. Lately, due to new bank regulations, the banks have become more restrictive in their lending which have lead to a growth of other financing alternatives.