Due to long time of overconsumption of antibiotic, the possibility of an effective infection treatment is now threatened. Bacteria have begun develop resistant against antibiotic, witch is most due to Bacteria that do not normally develop resistant. These kinds of Bacteria produce ESBL, and have made the healthcare costs increase around twice as much, as for Bacteria that do not produce ESBL..

Pathogenic microorganisms pose a big threat towards food production. Meanwhile, negative impacts on humans and environment are seen by the use of pesticides. Biological control agents are an alternative to the use of chemical pesticides, and plant-growth promoting rhizoBacteria, such as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens has been shown to have good properties as biocontrol agents. Before these Bacteria can be used commercially their impact on other soil organisms has to be evaluated. This thesis looks into what biocontrol Bacteria are and how they might affect earthworms.

Clostridium difficile is a grampositive, anaerobe Bacteria with a spore-forming ability. The Bacteria is present in the environment, can be isolated from animals and is common in hospitals, where it is a known cause of severe diarrhoea in compromised patients. Lately scientists have been discussing whether Cl. difficile could be a new food-borne pathogen. The Bacteria has been isolated from food-producing animals and from meat products. In this pilot study 82 meat products, bought from swedish shops during a periode of four months, were investigated.

Proliferative enteropathy (PE) caused by Lawsonia intracellularis has been reported in horses in the USA, Canada, Australia and Great Britain. Diarrhoea caused by Brachyspira antigen-containing spirochaetes has been diagnosed in a horse in Japan. The presence of Lawsonia intracellularis or Brachyspira spp. have neither been investigated in healthy nor in sick horses in Sweden. The purpose of this study was to survey the occurrence of the two Bacteria in Swedish horses. Faecal samples were gathered from 108 foals without any clinical signs of illness in the age of four to eight months.

Legionella can be prevented, the question is how. This report is a degree in construction engineering education at Chalmers University in Gothenburg. A comprehensive written publication for Legionella-safe plumbing installations is not available and therefore requested. The purpose of this report is to present preventative measures against Legionella Bacteria growth in tap water and in other systems where Legionella Bacteria are a potential problem. Technical solutions are presented including how different systems function and what their advantages and disadvantages are.

It is important to know what is normal in the wound healing process in order to determine what happens when a wound does not heal as expected. If the amount of Bacteria in the wound gets too large the body will not be able to defend itself and it becomes an infection. Colonization and infection are common elements in wound management and it is often the veterinary nurse role to deal with wounds in a proper manner. Antibiotics are drugs that either kill or inhibit the multiplication of Bacteria or fungi, and have been in veterinary medicine for approximately 60 years. Very few new antibiotics are introduced and increased resistance is a major problem that requires everyone to take responsibility to reduce the use of it.

In the country of Jordan, egg production is very important economically, but several bacte-ria are involved in food borne diseases transmitted from eggs or other poultry products. The most important are Salmonella spp., Campylobacter jejuni and Escherichia coli. In Jordan two different housing systems are used for hens in large scale egg production; con-ventional cages and litter floor systems. Eggs from four different farms were analysed and compared to see if a difference could be found regarding the presence of pathogenic bacte-ria on the egg surfaces between these two systems. Total number of aerobic Bacteria was analysed, the presence of Salmonella spp., C.

In the country of Jordan, egg production is very important economically, but several bacte-ria are involved in food borne diseases transmitted from eggs or other poultry products. The most important are Salmonella spp., Campylobacter jejuni and Escherichia coli. In Jordan two different housing systems are used for hens in large scale egg production; con-ventional cages and litter floor systems. Eggs from four different farms were analysed and compared to see if a difference could be found regarding the presence of pathogenic bacte-ria on the egg surfaces between these two systems. Total number of aerobic Bacteria was analysed, the presence of Salmonella spp., C.

The aim of this study is to elucidate factors that effect growth of Sarcina lutea and Bacillus subtilis, exposed to the growth inhibitor SDS (Sodiumdodecylsulfat). Agar diffusion experiments revealed repeated, concentric zones of inhibition and stimulation upon exposure to Sodiumdodecylsulphate or to Amoxicillin. Temperature, nutrient concentration and inhibitor concentration were controlled. Formation of successively repeated zones of inhibition, stimulation, inhibition and stimulation is discussed: ? The extension of the primary inhibition zone is due to the concentration of applied Sodium dodecyl sulphate.? Immediately outside the primary inhibition zone the Bacteria have access to diffusing nutrients that have not been consumed in the primary inhabitation zone.? In zones of dense Bacterial growth the Bacteria may produce inhibiting substances, affecting growth of Bacteria in adjacent zones.? In zones of dense Bacterial growth the nutrients will soon become depleted, thus affecting Bacteria in adjacent zones..

Bacteria are exposed to evolutionary pressure to an extent unlike other organisms. This leads to a high degree of adaptation to its surrounding. This thesis investigates the degree of adaptation towards higher accuracy in the transcription of DNA to RNA in coding sequences in the DNA of the E. coli Bacteria. Two coding sequences with different nucleotide contents were investigated.

Background: Mastitis in dairy cattle is a common ailment worldwide. A cause of mastitis can be Bacteria such as Escherichia coli. Mastitis is not a deadly ailment and sometimes the dairy cows show no symptoms but if certain virulence genes are present in the Bacteria that cause the mastitis, the Bacteria can be transmitted to humans and cause severe diseases. The potential presence of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) in particular would be a major concern for human health.Aim: The aim for this study was to analyze the presence of virulence genes known to be present in E.coli strains isolated from dairy cows with mastitis in Sweden.Method: A Qiagen BIO ROBOT EZ1 was used to purify DNA from 90 Bacterial cultures. A panel of virulence genes were amplified and biotinylated from the purified DNA by PCR and an E.coli based DNA microarray was used to detect presumed virulence genes in E.coli.Result: There were no samples that had all the genes traditionally used to classify E.coli as EHEC or potential EHEC.

Proliferative enteropathy is a group of disease conditions in pigs where the disease may vary from subclinical to critical with bloody loose feces. The etiological agent is the obligate intracellular Bacteria Lawsonia intracellularis. L. intracellularis infects enterocytes from jejunum to colon. The Bacteria is taken into cells and start to replicate and cause a massive proliferation of immature enterocytes.

This thesis within the field of Integrated Product development at the Royal Insitute ofTechnology, performed at Primary Development Dishcare at AB Electrolux, is supposed to finda solution to enhance the hygiene inside an Electrolux dishwasher. The outcomes of this thesisare functional prototypes to evaluate the efficiency of disinfection by the use of Ultra VioletLight and Ozone.The thesis has followed Electrolux Primary Development process, with delivarables andcheckpoints.Ultra violett light with a wavelength of around 264 nm penetrates through the cell wall ofBacteria and micro organisms and causes a molecular rearrangement of the cells DNA. Thisprevent the Bacteria from reproducing and it is considered dead. Commonly used UV-C lampstransmits the wavelength 254 nm which is very close to the optimum for germicidal action.A competitive brand have reacently launched a dishwasher claiming to achieve greaterdisinfection with an UV feature. This dishwasher was tested during the thesis and proven tohave a very low effect on the hygienic result.Two prototypes were devolped and tested for UV disinfection of dishware.

From embankment dams is something that has long been noticed and given rise to different questions. The most serious question is if the sludge is a result of inner erosion through the dam, and thus consists of material transported from the dam. Concerns have also been raised whether the sludge could interfere with the systems drainage capacity and thereby lead to high pore pressure in the dam, or if the measurement of seepage is disturbed, as the measuring is usually made via Thomson weirs, which could risk being blocked. The result of this investigation shows that the sludge is a result of the oxidation of iron by iron Bacteria, and to the greater part consists of these oxides as well as the Bacteria?s own structures. The iron oxidizing Bacteria, FeOB, oxides ferrous iron to ferric as a part of their metabolism, and thereby create large quantities of iron(oxy)hydroxides.

Safe retrieval of nutrients from human excreta to fertilize crops in order to gain adequate yields will increase food security and sustainability in agriculture areas with nutrient-poor fields. Safe and nutritious food will meet the dietary needs of the individual which promotes public health and the ability of an active life. Human excreta should be considered as a resource instead of being assumed as waste. Human faeces and urine is excellent fertilizers which may close the nutrient loop if utilized properly. However, sanitation of the excreta is required to prevent disease transmission by reducing the content of gastrointestinal pathogens such as Bacteria, viruses and parasites. The objective of this study was to in small scale evaluate the sanitation in a combined liquid compost and urea treatment by monitor the inactivation of Bacteria and viruses at the combination three start temperatures, 45, 40 and 35 °C, and three additions of urea, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 % and reference, 0 % urea addition.