With the globalization, companies in the West chose to shift production to developing countries to cut down costs. This had a major impact when child labor and very poor working conditions in these factories were discovered and led many companies to take responsibility for their suppliers and the employees by adopting voluntary so-called Codes of Conduct.There is a subtle balance to enforce improvement of working conditions for employees at suppliers´ factories and to keep costs down. On the one hand, companies would like to conduct extensive audits at their suppliers to ensure code of conduct compliance and thus protect their legitimacy. On the other hand, audits are expensive so companies would like to minimize audits to keep costs down. Companies thus have to strike a delicate balance in relation to how many and what suppliers they choose to audit.

Purpose: This paper aims to describe the socialization process that audit associates experience within an auditing firm that is included in the Big 4-sphere. Our purpose is also to describe which attributes that characterize the organizational identity, and how these attributes are reflected in the self-image of the associates. Furthermore, we seek to explain how the socialization process has influenced the organizational identification. This subject is of interest since the business of auditing is facing higher demands from regulators and politicians, due to the bankruptcy of HQ-bank among others during the financial crisis in the beginning of the 21st century. Earlier research claims that the socialization process of recruits, especially in the initial state of the employment, has a major impact on their future values and attitudes in their job performance.

Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att utreda om revisionskunder upplever att revisionen skapar ett värde och vad som utgör detta eventuella värde. Vi vill också utreda om det finns skillnader mellan ett företags upplevda värde beroende på ägarförhållanden, revisionsbolag och kontakt med revisorn.Metod: Vi har gjort en kvantitativ undersökning genom att skicka ut en webbenkät till 540 aktiebolag. Den kvantitativa undersökningen kompletterades med semistrukturerade intervjuer med ekonomichefen på två företag i Kristianstad för att få djupare förståelse för aktiebolagens uppfattning av revision som värdeskapande.Empiri: Webbenkäten besvarades av 139 företag. Flertalet av respondenterna anser att revisionen ger ett ekonomiskt värde, många har uppgett att de anser att revisionen fungerar som en kvalitetsstämpel och att reviderad finansiell information är mer kvalitativ än ej reviderad finansiell information. Resultaten pekar även på att relationen med revisorn är betydande för företagens uppfattning om revisionens värde.

The aim of the thesis is to illustrate how a group of community policing officers makes themselves relevant to their community, this in relation to wider organizational circumstances and exterior structures of society. Earlier research on the subject tells us that community policing can be proactive and crime preventing in such a way that the confidence and trust in the police is increased. Research is also making clear that proactive police work is hard to measure and evaluate, which is why my contribution to the field is to explore how this effects the way the police officers in Bergsjön, Gothenburg is making themselves relevant and the way that they see themselves as community policing officers. The relationship police ? community will be regarded as how someone treats their audience, attentive to its feedback, in order to get ones message out, in this case confidence and trust in the police, under influence of the audit society.To achieve the aim of the thesis, participating observation was chosen, to experience the police officers everyday work.

Considering that the price and demand for energy gradually has risen over the past decade and a wider discussion about the human impact on the environment has become increasingly more important and given a clearer role in modern society. This has contributed to increased incentives to reduce the use of fossil fuels and increase the use of renewable energy.The agriculture currently accounts for 20 % of Sweden's total greenhouse gas emissions. A way for an agricultural company like Wapnö AB to reduce their emissions could be to utilize existing renewable energy sources within their own premises.The report's aim is to create an energy audit of Wapnö?s existing energy system and how it changes with a future biogas plant in operation. The energy audit is used to illustrate how the company?s climate footprint could change.

I den allmänna debatten om revisorer diskuteras bl.a. revisorns oberoende och hur det kan påverkas av revisorns roller som rådgivare till och granskare av ett företag. Vi ville undersöka inom vilka områden revisorn bidrar med rådgivning och få en uppfattning om hur detta eventuellt kunde påverka oberoendet mellan revisorn och ett nystartat företag. Vi valde att undersöka nystartade företag då vi inte funnit några tidigare studier på just den här kombinationen, revisor/nystartat företag.I vårt syfte att undersöka revisorns roll i nystartade företag har vi tagit reda på de vanligaste problemområdena, som nystartade företag upplever, och i vilken mån revisorerna hjälpt till som rådgivare. Undersökningen genomfördes med hjälp av intervjuer där respondenterna bestod av tre revisorer och ägarna till tre nystartade företag.

With the globalization, companies in the West chose to shift production to developing countries to cut down costs. This had a major impact when child labor and very poor working conditions in these factories were discovered and led many companies to take responsibility for their suppliers and the employees by adopting voluntary so-called Codes of Conduct.There is a subtle balance to enforce improvement of working conditions for employees at suppliers´ factories and to keep costs down. On the one hand, companies would like to conduct extensive audits at their suppliers to ensure code of conduct compliance and thus protect their legitimacy. On the other hand, audits are expensive so companies would like to minimize audits to keep costs down. Companies thus have to strike a delicate balance in relation to how many and what suppliers they choose to audit.

Syfte: Tidigare studier har visat att objektiviteten hos revisorer tenderar att brista i större utsträckning i små revisionsfirmor än i större revisionsfirmor. Det finns samtidigt forskning som fastställer att den etiska kulturen i en organisation har en stor inverkan på de enskilda individernas etiska handlande. Studier visar även att organisationskulturen kan skilja sig mellan stora och små organisationer. Vi har utifrån tidigare forskning valt att undersöka om den etiska affärskulturen skiljer sig åt i små och stora revisionsfirmor och om en starkare etisk affärskultur är relaterad till en starkare objektivitet hos revisorer.Metod: Vi har valt att använda oss av en kvantitativ enkätundersökning i vår studie, eftersom vi önskat identifiera ett samband mellan revisionsfirmors storlek och dess etiska affärskultur och om den i sin tur har en påverkan på revisorers objektivitet. Studien har genomförts med hjälp av Ardichvili, Jondle och Mitchells (2013) enkät för att mäta den etiska affärskulturen samt ett etablerat test för att mäta objektiviteten hos revisorer som bland andra Bamber och Iyer (2007) har använt sig av.

The purpose with this thesis is to investigate how a number of municipalities in Stockholm County proceed when they allocate land and establish land allocation agreements for exploitation, and to investigate how a number of municipalities define land allocations and land allocation agreements on the occasion of public land sales. The aim of this thesis is to describe the allocation methods a municipally uses when they offer land for sale and to give an insight regarding which correlation different land allocation agreements have in different municipalities.Methods used are: (1) a literature review where the underlying theory for land allocations and land allocation agreements have been studied; (2) a questionnaire have been done to complement the literature review and to provide a picture of how a number of different municipalities in Stockholm County use and apply land allocations; (3) an agreement audit have been done to see the extent to which different agreement terms exists.Responses from the questionnaire, together with the definitions form different municipality?s land allocation policies and the literature review, resulted in a definition of a land allocation and a land allocation agreement. The agreement audit shows that agreement terms regarding: price or price indication, location, cost-sharing and planning costs are the most common agreement terms within the municipalities we have investigated.The study suggests that there is some confusion regarding land allocation agreements and the meaning of these, that became apparent when agreements where gathered, despite a careful explanation that it was land allocation agreements we requested, we still got exploitation agreements and purchase agreements. Therefore, we consider it necessary with an official definition of a land allocation agreement well anchored in the Planning and Building Act together with the rules of development agreements or other legislation.That there is a lack of research within the subject becomes evident when reports, essays, and other literature generally refers so the same sources.Keywords: land allocation, land allocation agreement and public land sales.

ABSTRACT Title: Coffee but not cake- auditors independence by other services than auditing and especially capital contribution to clients Seminar date: eight of June 2007Course: FEK591 Master thesis in Business Administration, 10 Swedish credits (15 ECTS)Authors: Maja Dragicevic and Negra Savic Advisor/s: Anne Loft och Pernilla BrobergKey words: Auditor, independence, consolation, capital contribution, counselling Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the auditors? opinions wether there are threats concerning their independence by other services and especially capital contribution. What services can an auditor perform besides accounting services so that it does not disturb and threat the auditors? independence?Methodology: To achieve the purpose of the thesis a qualitative study was implemented. We carried out a number of interviews with auditors from different auditing firms.

With the globalization, companies in the West chose to shift production to developing countries to cut down costs. This had a major impact when child labor and very poor working conditions in these factories were discovered and led many companies to take responsibility for their suppliers and the employees by adopting voluntary so-called Codes of Conduct.There is a subtle balance to enforce improvement of working conditions for employees at suppliers´ factories and to keep costs down. On the one hand, companies would like to conduct extensive audits at their suppliers to ensure code of conduct compliance and thus protect their legitimacy. On the other hand, audits are expensive so companies would like to minimize audits to keep costs down. Companies thus have to strike a delicate balance in relation to how many and what suppliers they choose to audit.

SummaryThe purpose of this thesis is to examine what effect the IFRS 2 has on earnings, equity, financial strength and return on equity for listed Swedish companies with active stock option plans. The purpose is further to investigate the companies? attitudes towards IFRS 2 and to find out if companies tend to deviate from stock option plans due to the changed accounting rules. We also want to examine the view of IFRS 2 from an auditor?s perspective.We have used a deductive approach and a mix of quantitative and qualitative research methods with a view to get a completely clear picture within the field of study.

Av Sveriges idag 300 000 aktiebolag är 80-85 procent mikrobolag med färre än 10 anställda och mindre än 3 miljoner i omsättning. Mikrobolagen har därför stor be-tydelse för svenskt näringsliv och samhällets utveckling. Förutsättningarna för dessa bolags tillväxt och utveckling bör av denna anledning främjas, vilket kräver att regelverken är anpassade till deras villkor. Revisionsplikten för små aktiebolag är en av de regelförenklingar som diskuteras, där nyttan och kostnaden för revision står i fokus.Syftet med uppsatsen är att beskriva hur ägarna till mikrobolag upplever revisionsplikten, hur de väljer att agera vid ett avskaffande, samt analysera bakomliggande orsaker.I denna uppsats används en kvantitativ metod då antal förekomster av visst agerande vill undersökas. Den empiriska studien är gjord i form av en webbenkät skickad till 200 mikrobolag i Jönköpings län.Resultaten visar att ägarna till mikrobolag upplever att de har störst nytta av revision jämfört med övriga intressenter, dock anses även stat och kommun ha stor nytta av revision.

This report aims to identify and categorize suitable audit users and furthermore establish with values these users experience. The aim of the report has been fulfilled by analyzing interviews carried out with several companies using audits as a part of their risk management process. In addition to this, theories concerning management have been studied..

På grund av avskaffandet av revisionsplikten som började gälla den 1 november år2010 kan idag små företag välja bort sin revision. 250 000 av Sveriges företag är enligtlag berättigade att själva välja vilka revisorstjänster de är i behov av samt i vilkenomfattning.För att banker ska bevilja lån till små företag krävs det en säkerhet som speglarföretagens förmåga att betala kommande räntor och amorteringar. Säkerheten ligger igranskade revisioner och när de blir frivilliga kan tillförlitligheten minska.Metoden som använts är kvalitativ och har utformats via personliga intervjuer medbanker och revisionsbyråer.Syftet med studien är att beskriva effekten av avskaffandet av revisionsplikten påbankers utlåningsprocess till mindre företag.Frågeställning:?Är bankerna villiga att bevilja utlåning av krediter till små företag utan revisor??Finns det någon information som kan ersätta reviderade räkenskaper??Har långa relationer någon påverkan på bankers kreditbedömningsprocess??Hur ser revisionsbyråerna på avskaffandet av revisionsplikten?Slutsatser:Majoriteten av bankerna är villiga att bevilja kredit till företag utan revision. Dock krävsfler beslutskriterier för att bedöma ett företags återbetalningsförmåga.