Instrumental conditioning, the use of reinforcement and punishment, is used when training horses and these procedures may have different consequences regarding animal welfare. The aim of this study was to investigate what kind of reinforcers that are used in training horses and when these reinforcers are used. This study has its focus on positive reinforcement and its advantages and disadvantages. Interviews of five A-level and B -level equestrian coaches about their training methods were conducted to complement the literature search and give a greater understanding to why certain methods are used or not in training horses. The results show that negative reinforcement seems to be the foundation of training horses whereas positive reinforcement is used but not to the same extent.

Pets like dogs and cats have a considerable importance for humans and research demonstrate a variety of positive economic and social effects in society due to our pet companions. The presences of pets are increasing on a global scale with correlation to economic development in low- and middle income countries. For example dogs have doubled in India over a five year period. The feed industry for dogs and cats is also the fastest growing sector in the food industry and certain pets have a significant animal protein intake which, depending on the choice of resources may provide a high ecological footprint. Examples of environmental effects with distribution and manufacturing of pet food are increased greenhouse gas emissions, waste, use of water and energy.

Syftet med denna litteraturöversikt var att skapa en översikt över vad som kan ha betydelse för bärbara elektroniska teknikstöds användning som kompensatorisk åtgärd för vuxna personer med förvärvad hjärnskada. De 24 artiklar som ingick i studien analyserades med metoden innehållsanalys. Inklusionskriterier var artiklar utgivna efter år 2000 och vuxna försökspersoner. Analysen resulterade i fyra kategorier: användningsområden för elektroniska teknikstöd, design och funktion hos de elektroniska teknikstöden, omgivningens betydelse för användande och individuella förutsättningar för användande av elektroniska teknikstöd. Endast en artikel var skriven utifrån ett arbetsterapeutiskt perspektiv.

The Swedish National Labour Market Administration wishes to acquire further knowledge about how the evaluation process of vocational rehabilitation at the employment service operates as a part of the quality assurance of this activity. The primary task for vocational rehabilitation at the employment service is to investigate the work capacity of unemployed people, to give them increased knowledge and better understanding of their own capacity concerning work or education. The aim of this study was to survey the evaluation process of vocational rehabilitation at the employment service in Sweden. Data were collected through telephone interviews with 15 occupational therapists employed at the employment service, who were working with vocational rehabilitation. The result shows that the investigation of work capacity can take place in different environments and that the space of time for an investigation can vary.

Syftet med denna studie var att genom granskning av litteratur undersöka vilka typer av arbetsterapeutiska interventioner som görs för barn med ADHD i åldern 5-12 år, samt effekten av dessa. En litteraturöversikt valdes som metod för att undersöka kunskapsläget inom ämnet ADHD. Litteratursökning genomfördes via databaser tillgängliga vid universitetsbiblioteket vid Luleå Tekniska universitet och sju artiklar valdes ut. Analysen visade att interventionerna riktade sig främst mot att stödja barnen med koncentration, stillasittande och stärka kognitiva svårigheter. Resultatet av denna rapport beskriver exempel på typer arbetsterapeutiska interventioner gjorda för barn med ADHD.

This literature review examines different forages which are well suited for suckle cow production in Sweden today. They should also be possible to cultivate in Sweden under the current circumstances. Crops suitable for grazing in Swedish climate but not used in Sweden today, but which may be relevant for Swedish conditions are also mentioned. In Sweden today, mainly grass silage, straw and hay are used as forage, but also wholecrop silage is used to some extent. However, concentrates are not used to a greater extent, since it contains too much energy.

ABSTRACTIn this study, five people were interviewed who are involved in a drug-assisted program for opiate addiction, also called substitution program. The meaning of substitution is that these clients' drug addiction is replaced with substitute preparations, either methadone or Subutex in an orderly manner. The clients of the researcher decided to study the substitution program have all been a heavy opiate addiction for years. Their participation in the replacement program is more than two years, and those who have been around the longest have been in the program for six years, so long as the substitution program has existed in Visby.This is a qualitative study in which interviews are conducted face to face with each individual client, and the interview was unstructured in the sense that no specific issues made in advance. The interviews have been themed, and the researcher has gone through various areas of life around the respondent.

Personer med Multipel skleros (MS) kan uppleva svårigheter att delta i aktiviteter i dagliga livet (ADL) där arbetet är en betydande del av det. De funktionsnedsättningar som förekommer vid MS kan ha en negativ inverkan på personens möjlighet att arbeta. Syftet med denna studie avsåg att beskriva hur personer som är diagnostiserade med Multipel skleros erfar att yrkesarbeta. Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med nio personer i åldrarna 39-62 som hade diagnosen MS och yrkesarbetade. Datamaterialet analyserades med hjälp av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys, som resulterade i två huvudkategorier; ?Den egna förmågan i relation till arbetets krav? och ?Anpassningar för att underlätta i arbetet?.

The intention of this study was to create an understanding of how multi-professional interaction could convert into inter-professional collaboration, which takes advantage of and acknowledges the individual professional identity. The intention was to understand the meaning of collaboration through the study of meetings between professionals who use different symbol systems. In particular, we wanted to study inter-professional interaction from a symbolic interactional perspective with a focus on Self, Identity, Symbols, Meaning and Professional community. The employed method was semi-structured interviews with ten questions. A convenience sample was used to identify working groups composed of different professions, such as teachers, social workers and therapy assistants.

This retrospective study aimed to examine differences at age fivebetween twenty-six internationally adopted and twenty-six Swedish-bornchildren with cleft lip and palate regarding age of surgery, speech andintervention. Correlation between age of surgery and speechvariables andgender differences was examined. Blind assessment of audio recordedsentence repetition or naming of words was performed by two speechpathologists. Soft palate was closed significantly later for the study groupthan the control group. Age at closure of hard palate did not differ.

Syftet med litteraturöversikten var att sammanställa och beskriva arbetsterapeutiska interventioner och effekten av dessa inom arbetsrehabilitering. Datainsamling har utförts genom sökningar i vetenskapliga databaser. Urvalet gjordes utifrån fastställda inklusions- och exklusionskriterier. Artiklarna granskades och analyserades i enighet med Friberg (2012). Resultat av studien visade att arbetsterapeuterna inom arbetsrehabilitering använder sig av interventioner för att underlätta arbetsåtergång.

Clinicians in veterinary practice have responsibilities for the development of global antibiotic resistance. In some cases, antibiotics are contraindicated or even useless in wound treatments and therefore other options are needed. Antiseptics may be another option but their use are controversial and may be questioned by owners. As professionals, it may be very difficult to be able to motivate this choice of treatment. The aim of this paper is to gain knowledge about four antiseptics; iodine, silver, polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) and honey to make it easier for veterinary nurses and other clinicians in veterinary practices to decide their potential use. The assessment will be made with consideration of the available evidence concerning the properties, usability and the animal?s experience. The results showed a lack of evidence in in-vivo studies in horses, particularly studies within the field of veterinary nursing.

The purpose of this essay is to investigate the subject field of male vegans and masculinities through empirical method interviews and narrative analysis. The starting-point for this essay is animal ethics, feminist ethic vegetarianism and theories that suggest that eating meat is one part of the social construction of masculinities. The problem formulation is such as follows:How do male vegans construct masculinity? In an attempt to answer such a question there are three problem formulations:What do male vegans think about the connection between manhood and eating meat?How do male vegans relate to the norms in society?What do male vegans think of stereotype conceptions about vegans?I will come to the conclusion that male vegans think that eating meat, as well as drinking beer, is one part of the social construction of masculinities. Male vegans are aware of norms in the surroundings and the strong attachment of meat normativity in the western culture.

This study aims to highlight patients´ experiences about and thoughts of side effects fromelectroconvulsive therapy (ECT), a therapeutic method commonly used when having severedepressions. The framing of questions were how the respondents of this study describe theirlife before, during and after ECT-treatment, how the treatment has affected their daily life andhow these experiences may contribute to the awareness of power in professional relations.The study is based on three semi-structured narrative interviews and the main result showedthat, according to my interpretation, ECT as a treatment obliterated memories, quality of lifeand daily structure for all participants. Unfortunately they have all become subjects ofpsychiatric power and have faced considerable difficulty in getting professional recognitionaccording to their severe memory issues. The respondents have lost the ability to relate totheir past which clearly makes them struggle in their present context. A point in commonamong them is that neither of them wanted ECT but, because of the lack of communicationbetween them as patients and the health care in general, they all ended up getting it..

"A picture is worth a thousand words!?The purpose of this study is to show how familytherapy as a ground can deepen and demonstrate the value of using paintings to encourage the dialogue in coupletherapy. I have accomplished therapy with three different couples, which I report. All couples have painted four paintings each (encl.1-3) and have talked about their pictures. Through qualitative deapinterviews, every person has got the opportunity to tell their experience of painting together with their partner.