Åsktransienter och överspänningar
En spänningsfylld simulering av elkraftsystemet vid Forsmark 3
A power system will inevitably be subjected to transient overvoltages, most often produced by switching operations and lightning strikes. These transient overvoltages may harm sensitive equipment without sufficient protection, but it is not an easy task to predict what transients may occur or how they affect the system. A fault occurred in a low voltage system at Forsmark 2012 and overvoltages from lightning were concluded as the probable cause. The three aims with this thesis are to develop and test a model of the power system at Forsmark 3, analyse the transient behaviour of the system when subjected to lightning surges and identify critical parameters, and lastly to provide a tool for investigating the protection of the system. The modelling and simulations were performed in the freely available simulation program LT Spice. Challenges and difficulties have been to obtain parameter values for components that are relevant for the high frequencies produced by the short rise time in lightning surges. The main conclusions are: the maximum current in the lightning discharge has the largest impact on the system voltages and surges in the external grid can produce standing waves in the system, causing significant overvoltages even in low voltage systems. The simulations produced larger overvoltages than would occur in a real system, which also would dampen the high frequency signals to a larger extent. Further work to obtain models better suited for high frequency simulation is suggested.