As the Volumes are entering the world of computer graphics the pure Volume visualisation becomes a more important tool in for example research and medical applications. But the advance in haptics --- force feedback from the computer --- is behind. In Volume haptics no equal to the proxy method so popular in surface haptics has yet emerged. Some implementations of Volume haptics even use surfaces as intermediate representations so that surface haptics can be used.The intention of this work was to create natural feeling haptic feedback from Volumetric density data using pure Volume haptics. The haptic algorithm would be implemented in Reachin API for the Reachin Desktop Display, together with other parts to build up a usable Volume visualisation environment.To achieve the feeling of stiffness and friction dependent on tissue type, a proxy based method was developed.

Building with Volume element is relatively new and has started to increase more and more. The regulations that exist to regulate and determine how the transports of Volume elements are to be conducted are diffuse and not very well adjusted to address the issues with transporting Volume elements. Today there are a number of instances that a company has to turn to in order to get a somewhat different view, what regulations say and interpret it in order to know what applies and not applies regarding the transportation of Volume elements. regulations. The rules that are in place make it tough for the Volume element producing companies to develop and continue to be active on the market.

Building with Volume element is relatively new and has started to increase more and more. The regulations that exist to regulate and determine how the transports of Volume elements are to be conducted are diffuse and not very well adjusted to address the issues with transporting Volume elements. Today there are a number of instances that a company has to turn to in order to get a somewhat different view, what regulations say and interpret it in order to know what applies and not applies regarding the transportation of Volume elements. regulations. The rules that are in place make it tough for the Volume element producing companies to develop and continue to be active on the market.

This work was conducted during spring and summer 2012 together with the company Uppsala Academy of Management as the principal. The two main objectives for the work are that: ? Make a comparison between the measured Volume in the standing forest and the measured Volume at the industry on Uppsala Academy of Managements actual stumpage sale Volume to see how well it conforms. ? Examine if the buyers see any particular advantages or disadvantages of actual stumpage sale Volume and what they think of Uppsala Academy of Managements actual stumpage sale Volume and structure in general. I chose to use actual stumpage sale Volume from the tree years 2009, 2010 and 2011 in my work. I divided the actual stumpage sale Volume following four categories which was pine, spruce, pine/spruce and seed trees. After that I picked out sixteen actual stumpage sale Volumes from each category to be a part of the work.

To efficiently examine Volumetric data sets from CT or MRI scans good Volume rendering applications are needed. This thesis describes the design and implementation of an application programming interface (API) to be used when developing Volume-rendering applications. A complete application programming interface has been designed. The interface is designed so that it makes writing application programs containing Volume rendering fast and easy. The interface also makes created application programs hardware independent.

Today?s system to measure the Volume in a tank consists of a vertically placed sensor. When a vehicle is tilted the level of the fluid might change and if the Volume is calculated based only on the information from the sensor it could result in a incorrect value.This thesis exams a new method to calculate the Volume in tanks by using sensor fusion to crosscheck the i formation from the level sensors when the vehicle is tilted. The information is then used to see if it is possible to identify the grade of tilt by the change of fluid level. If the grade of tilt can be measured then the Volume can be calculated in a more accurate way.

The background to this study is that the forest company, Holmen, has found large discrepancies between harvested Volume and the measured Volume at the industry. Factors like bark features, breakage, double tops, bends and stem damages was noted, and all stems were measured manually. Hypothesis testing with the method "random in pairs" were used to examine whether the harvester measured values significantly differed from the manually measured. The result of a properly calibrated harvester shows in average underestimation of the Volume with Skogforsk Pine as a bark function. This means that the harvester isn´t the reason why the Volume measured in the industry is lower, the fault is elsewhere. The study also indicates a need for a unique bark function for logepole pine..

The aim of this project is to optimise the sawing patterns used for sawing Scots pine at Säters Ångsåg AB. The thesis has a theoretical approach and does not claim to be fully applicable in a practical point of view. The input used in this project is last year?s sales Volumes and prices of sawn products. The input of the timber is collected from the database ?VIOL?.

Orsa Besparingsskog has an aim to take nature considerations in relation to the harvested Volume and area of the annual felling. Around 15 percent of the acreage and 10 percent of the Volume should be set aside. It is important to keep close to those figures to avoid future negative effects on the long-term harvesting planning. The purpose of this study was to use laser scanning data to estimate those proportions. The result showed that the proportion of conservation considerations in the ten selected objects in the study was significantly higher than the target of 15 percent of the acreage and 10 percent of the Volume. The result showed a setting aside of 19 percent of the acreage and 17 percent of the Volume.

Testicular measurements and daily sperm output (DSO) are important factors affecting reproductive capacity of stallions. In the present study testicular measurements of 10 Swedish half-blood stallions were determined (height, length, width and Volume). Ejaculates were collected from each stallion once daily for 10 days to evaluate some important seminal characteristics: gel-free ejaculate Volume, sperm concentration, percent progressively motile spermatozoa and total number of spermatozoa (TSN). The gel-free ejaculate Volume was measured with a graduated cylinder, the sperm concentration was counted in a Bürker chamber, the sperm motility was estimated in a phase-contrast microscope and TSN was determined by multiplying the gel-free seminal Volume by the sperm concentration. Testicular measurements were as follows (left and right testis): height 7,5 cm and 7,8 cm, length 10,6 cm and 10,8 cm, width 6,5 cm and 6,6 cm, Volume 278,2 cm3 and 293,8 cm3, scrotal width 12,3 cm and total testicular Volume 572,0 cm3 .

The aim of this study was to establish knowledge about the most suitable substrate for cultivating different kinds of anaerobic beer spoilage bacteria in the brewing industry. During the study, two other aspects were investigated; if the sample Volume affects the results and which anaerobic beer spoilage bacteria are present in the micro flora at the brewery. The method used was standard cultivation with four different substrates; Universal Beer Agar, Nachweismedium Bierschädliche Bakterien, Raka Ray and VLB S7-S. During the identification of bacteria in the micro flora, a method using PCR was used. None of the substrates showed a significant advantage over the others.

The current state of knowledge indicates that there is more than one factor that initiates heartwood transition. This study supports its hypothesis on the theory that heartwood is formed by a fixed fraction of the annual growthring, 0,5 to 0,8 rings. To calculate heartwood Volume modelings were carried out in four different pine stands with different spacings, 0,75, 1,25, 1,5 and three meters. The model indicates heartwood diameter (HWD) and is based on four explanatory variables, height (H), crown ratio (CR%), diameter breast height (DBH) and tree height (TH). The shifting plant spacing results in varying growth rate in the juvenile stage.

This final thesis is performed on commission of Hargs Bruk Ltd. Hargs Bruk manages one of Sweden?s largest privately owned forests. A main part of the managed forest is situated in Roslagen in eastern Uppland. Since 1934 felling calculations have been performed within the estate every tenth year.

In three areas in the province of Småland studies has been done to investigate how big damage the moose may do to P. abies. An inquiry examination and two different types of surveys were done to find out how big area, which Volume and which financial consequences the moose debarking has had on the forest. When the Volume was calculated the rot spreading was included. The area that was damaged was stipulated with the answers from the inquiry examination. 59 % of the asked forest owners answered the inquiry.

The aim of this study was to evaluate different types of Volume and taper equations that can be used to predict single-tree stem Volume and stem diameter at any given height along the tree stem for plantation grown Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) and White spruce (Picea glauca (Mounch) Voss) in Iceland. A number of published tree Volume equations were tested and modified to predict the total stem Volumes over bark but three logarithmic equations were taken for more in-depth analysis. Three taper equations were tested. Two variable-exponent equations (Kozak 1997, Kozak 2004) and one exponential equation described by Biging (1984). Data from a total of 617 sample trees were used in this study, collected from stands in various parts of the country and present different types of stands growing in different soil types and cover most of the site conditions suitable for forestry in Iceland.