Each year, 800 people wait for an organ Transplant in Sweden. The development of drugs for organ rejection has evolved over the past 60 years, which has increased the survival of patients who have undergone organ Transplantation. The most common organ Transplanted is the kidney, liver, lung and heart. There are more studies done on quality of life after an organ Transplant, but very few studies on quality of life before organ Transplantation.The aim of the study was to describe the experiences of quality of life among patients waiting for an organ Transplant.A literature overview of eight articles was analyzed in both similarities and differences. The articles were published between 2002 and 2012.The result is presented in four themes, hope of life, living in uncertainty, the body fails and need for support.

Background: A life with severe chronic heart failure is debilitating, and most patients die of the disease. The possibility of having a heart from a deceased donor is often the patient's only hope of continued life. Aim: To gain a deeper insight and understanding of the patients experiences after a heart Transplant. Method: Literature study with results based on 13 scientific articles. Results: Gratitude was the great common experience for the recipients of new hearts.

Background:For patients with severe heart disease, may heart Transplantation be the only opportunity for survival. Previous research highlights the importance of the nurse's role as supporters and knowledge brokers. People who has undergone heart Transplant may be changed forever. Having to undergo a heart Transplant can lead to that patients end up in a traumatic crisis. People's perception of herself and her perception of the world is also changing when the body is injured or suffers a disease.

Aim: To investigate the quality of life and the social life situation, with special focus on the consequenses of fear of hypoglycemia (FoH), in Islet Transplanted patients.Method: 11 patients were included, four women and seven men, who have been Islet tranplanted at Uppsala University Hospital during the years 2001-2009. Two questionaires, Short Form 36 (SF-36) and the Swedish version Hypoglycemia Fear Survey (Swe-HFS) were used to investigate the quality of life, in relation to fear of hypoglycemia. Also, telephone interviews were conducted to investigate the patients social life situation in relation to FoH, after Islet Transplantation and were analysed using content analysis method.Results: The mean value for quality of life was lower than that in the normal population. Three out of ten patients experienced FoH. Three predominant themes were revealed, one theme associated with pre- Transplant, was ?Struggle for control of Social Life Situation? and two themes associated with post-Transplant, were ?Regain power and controll of  Social Life Situation? and ?At Peace with the balance between the Present and the Future?.Conclusion: The patients experienced improved control over social life situation and quality of life in relation to FoH may been improved following islet tranplantation..

Syftet med denna studie var att påvisa vilka känslor som väcktes hos föräldrarna inför sitt barns hjärtTransplantation och hur deras upplevelse av informationen från vårdpersonalen uppfattades. För att kunna genomföra undersökningen användes en anonym enkätundersökning med semistrukturerade frågor. Undersökningens deltagarantal var litet på grund av att få barn blivit hjärtTransplanterade på hjärtcentrat. Av sexton tillfrågade föräldrar svarade endast åtta på frågeformulären. I resultatet framkom att föräldrar under kontakten med hjärtcentrat hade både positiva och negativa upplevelser.

ABSTRACT (english)Introduction: The possibility to Transplant an organ is an important part of the health care system, which demands great resources and a well functioning organization with a level of high competence. The work with organ donation is complex and brings forward a great amount of different emotions for the operation room nurse. Aim: The aim with the study is to illustrate the operating room nurses experience when the organ donor is brain dead. Method: Data collection has been performed with semi-structured interviews, which have been interpreted by qualitative manifest analysis. The design of the study is pilot towards a study in full scale.

Sjuksköterskan bör ha kunskap om begreppet livskvalitet för att kunna bemöta patienter som genomgått en leverTransplantation, då den upplevda livskvalitén är betydelsefull för patienterna. Syftet var att beskriva livskvalitet hos patienter som genomgått en leverTransplantation. Studien är genomförd som en litteraturstudie där 12 vetenskapliga artiklar har granskats. Resultatet visar att den upplevda livskvalitén hos leverTransplanterade patienter är relativt god men det finns delar av livskvalitén som påverkas negativt efter leverTransplantationen. Livskvalitén påverkas av fysiska, psykiska och sociala aspekter.

Background: There are many people waiting for a kidney Transplant. To get a kidney from a living donor has many advantages. The gift is about giving and receiving. The decision is characterized by life-philosophy of the donor.Aim: To highlight the experiences of the kidney donation process.Methods: A systematic literature review in which 11 articles were included, seven qualitative and four quantitative. The articles are quality and ethically reviewed, the results are analyzed according Granskär & Höglund and Polit & Beck.Results: The results were gathered under two themes: the decision-process shows the path from idea to decision and implementation-process treats the donation and confirmation of the gift.

When going through a stem cell Transplantation a patient is forced to undergo protective isolation to inhibit risk of opportunistic infections related to the low leucocyte count as a result of aggressive pre-Transplant chemotherapy treatment. Protective isolation has shown to have an impact on patient experiences during treatment and the aim of this study is to elucidate experiences of protective isolation of patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell Transplantation and to deduce patient perceptions of the role of nurses in protective isolation care. The presented study was performed as a mixed qualitative and quantitative survey at a hematopoietic ward in Sweden. Results were analyzed by Mayring (2000) and by descriptive frequency charts and show that patients in protective isolation experience alienation, necessity, safety and anxiety with regards to their protective situation. Considering the role of nurses patients perceive their role to be attendant, informant and acting as an executioner of medical implementations.

The research in the field of biotechnology is rapidly developing all over the world. Modern biotechnology offers unique opportunities, simultaneously as it gives rise to a number of ethical issues. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), PGD/HLA (Human Leucocyte Antigen) and germline gene therapy (GLGT) are controversial techniques. PGD gives a possibility to identify a genetic disease prior to the embryo?s implantation in the uterus.

Bakgrund: Antalet utförda hjärtTransplantationer i Sverige ökar och uppgår nu till omkring femtio Transplantationer per år. Främsta orsaken till en hjärtTransplantation är grav hjärtsvikt. Att drabbas av hjärtsvikt som ung är ovanligt och mycket påfrestande. Om hjärtTransplantation blir aktuellt sätts patienten upp på väntelista där medianväntetiden är tre månader. Tidigare forskning visar att sjuksköterskan har en viktig roll i patientens upplevelse under denna tid.

 Bakgrund: Väntelistorna för de patienter som står i kö för en leverTransplantation blir allt längre i alla länder runt om i världen. Väntetiden upplevs för patienterna som en psykiskt och socialt påfrestande tid eftersom det är oklart om och när ett organ som passar blir tillgängligt. Det är viktigt att sjuksköterskan antar utmaningen att möta lidandet och den lidande människan och bidra till att minska detta. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att belysa och beskriva patienters upplevelser i väntan på en leverTransplantation. Metod: Litteraturstudien bygger på totalt 10 kvalitativa och kvantitativa vetenskapliga artiklar.

This is an empirical cross-sectional study with the aim to examine the patient?s comprehension about their quality of life within two to seven years after their stem-cell Transplantation with reference to physical, social, emotional, psychological and functional wellbeing and to investigate if the patient groups have disease specific problems. Differences in quality of life between men and women and also between allogeneic and stem cell Transplantation with an unrelated donor (URD) were studied. The measurement Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT) and the bone marrow Transplant subscale (BMT) is a 49 item, valid and reliable measure that was used. The questionnaire was answered by 43 of 47 patients (91%).There is a significant difference between men and women in physical, social and functional wellbeing.

En leverTransplantation är ett livsförändrande ingrepp som innebär en chans till ett nytt liv för patienter med en livshotande diagnos. Ingreppet medför också stora omställningar för patienter i form av fysiska och psykiska svårigheter. Genom att få en större inblick i patienters livssituation kan sjuksköterskorna med den nyvunna kunskapen, ge en bättre anpassad vård till patienterna. Syftet med denna uppsats är att belysa patienternas upplevelser av sin livssituation efter en leverTransplantation. Metoden som används är en litteratur baserad studie utifrån kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar, inriktat på patienters upplevelse kring leverTransplantation.

Russian comfrey, Symphytum x uplandicum, was tested as a plant nutrient source in a trial with tomatoes. Comfrey liquid was produced by Stiftelsen Holma i Höör. Tomato plants of the cultivar Aromata planted in a medium of soil:peat (1:1) enriched with organic nutrients and lime, were fed with comfrey liquid plus Biofer, in three different concentrations. Two different concentrations of BioRika were used as comparison, along with an unfertilized control group. In the comfrey treatment I a total amont of 1g N, 0,23 g P, 0,84 g K, was given to the tomatoes.