Arbetet är en energianalys av gravstenstillverkning där energiförbrukningen för hela livscykeln redovisas. Analysen gäller en så kallad funktionell enhet som består av gravsten och sockel av vångagranit som levereras till en kyrkogård i Malmö. Ett svenskt Stenhuggeri har hjälpt till med att ta fram data för de olika tillverkningsmomenten. Förutom uppgifter om själva tillverkningen har även kompletterande uppgifter inhämtats som gäller till exempel transporter och inköpt material. Jämförelse görs mellan fyra olika bearbetningar av den funktionella enheten.

During the latter half of the 18th century, when concrete started seeing general use in modern cities, the use of different methods to give the concrete a finished surface texture saw use. One of these was using different methods of mechanically altering the surface using a slew of cutting and crushing techniques with mallet and chisel. This was done in order to hide the often dull and gray look of concrete, and allude to other more expensive and luxurious stones. The work would possibly have been done by experienced stonemasons, using much of the same techniques and tools they would have used while working natural stones. Or did they? This essay explores, through the use of traditional handcrafts and tools, the claim that the working of concrete surfaces can be done with the same tools and skillset as the working of natural stone.

The function of budgetary controls is to control the resource allocation within companies. It can also be an instrument for measure and control subordinates and/or business units? performance (Van der Stede 2001). This paper concerns the latter; when the budgetary control function is used to measure and control subordinates performance based on budget. Previous research in this area has not yet accomplished to explain the effects of tight budgetary control which Hartman (2000) considers as the main issue to be concerned about in management accounting research.Previous research has presented contradictory findings regarding tight budgetary control explained by positive effects as well as negative effects during the last decades.