An important process for grid companies in order to reduce power Losses in electricity distribution grids is to figure out where and how they appear. This report describes the factors that cause power Losses in low voltage distribution grids and methods for how they could be measured and analyzed. Measurement data for consumed and injected energy were collected for twelve low voltage distribution grids owned by Gävle Energi AB in order to analyze the size of the power Losses and how the measurement uncertainty affects the collected data. Then models of three of the grids were created in MATLAB in order to analyze the data and the power Losses were calculated to be compared to the collected data. Curve fitting were also used as a method in order to analyze the power Losses from collected data.The results show that the Losses in the studied grids are low.

Storage of biomass is associated with problems like heat development, biomassLosses, and reduction of the fuel quality. Certain processes such as biological- andchemical degradation are responsible for these storage problems. This master?sthesis was carried out at Vattenfall Research and Development AB and is alignedtowards quantifying the biomass Losses from short-term storage (1-2 months) ofbark and recovered wood. The biomass was stored in outdoor piles during differentseasons, campaign 1 (summer) and campaign 2 (autumn).

This thesis was carried out at Atlas Copco Tools and Assembly Systems. The purpose hasbeen to develop a design tool to be used for development of new electric motors for AtlasCopcos electric nutrunners. The focus of the thesis has been to increase productivity bydecreasing the power Losses in an electric tool. The productivity is defined as themaximum number of tightenings a nutrunner can perform without becoming too hot.Before starting the development of this design tool an existing Matlab script, whichcalculates the Losses in a slotless electric motor, has been studied and modified torepresent the real Losses in a better way. The modification has been made by performingpractical studies of different Losses and then adjusting existing parameters in the Matlabscript.Because design changes in one part of a mechatronic system can lead to a decrease inperformance of another part the choice of parameters that can be changed has been madeso that other parts of the system is affected as little as possible.A study of the existing tools efficiency during an entire tightening has been made toincrease the understanding of when and where the different Losses appear and to comparethe modified Matlab script with the measured values.The design tool was formed so that it executes the Matlab script, that calculates theLosses, for a number of different design options and stores the alternative which producesthe least Losses.

When harvesteing ley there is always mechanical Losses from the harvest machines. During the last years the roundbalers with knives,cutting the material-are more common, This use increase the mechanical Losses of material. MATERIALS AND METHODS The roundbaler which used in this test was a Krone Vario Pack 1500 Multi Cut. This roundbaler has 17 knives. The theoretical length of cut was 64 mm. During the test we stretched a rubber tarp under the balechamber and collected the materials which fell down from the balechamber.

Energy Losses are an essential part of a power grid company?s costs. From anenvironmental and economic perspective, it is important to reduce these costs. Toknow where efforts should be deployed, it is important to have good knowledge ofwhere in the network Losses are situated. When creating network tariffs, there is alsonecessary to have a correct distribution such that the network customers that use acertain part of the network, only pays for the network Losses in this area.

In Sweden the climate makes it impossible to feed fresh herbage to cattle during many months of the year. During periods when preserved forage must be supplied it is important that this forage is stored in such a way that high quality is retained, both nutritionally and hygienically. Furthermore, it is essential that Losses occurring when handling and storing the forage are kept as low as possible. This study compares storage in tower silos, bunker silos, big bags and bales,estimating dry matter Losses as well as Losses in metabolizable energy and crude protein that occur during storage. The results show that tower silos, bunker silos and big bags, the systems with the largest amount of forage and a long feed out period involve larger Losses than bales, which are fed out immediately after being opened. As the feed out rate influences the Losses, tower silos and bunker silos should be used during the period of the year when the feed out rate is as high as possible, i.e.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a transport protocol designed for the wired Internet. In wireless networks packet Losses occur more frequently due to the unreliability of the physical link. The main problem is that TCP treats all Losses as congestion, which leads to a lower throughput. Ad hoc networks are multihop wireless networks of mobile nodes, where each node can allow other packets to pass through it. Topology changes often occur and may lead to packet Losses and delays, which TCP misinterprets as congestion.

Storage of biomass is often associated with problems such as heat development, dry matter Losses and reduction of fuel quality. The rise in temperature can potentially cause a risk of self-ignition in the fuel storage. Moreover, emissions from storage piles can cause health problems in the surrounding. The dry matter Losses and reduction of fuel quality can have economical effects. The aim of this thesis project is to develop guidelines on how to store large amount of biomass at Vattenfalls heat and power plants in an optimal way.

When planning new wind farms, the cost for the internal electrical grid is estimated to account for 8-9 % of the total investment cost. On top of that, the cost for accumulated reduced income over several years (due to electrical Losses), has to be added. The economic lifespan is relatively long (about 20 years) which means that an error in the loss calculation could lead to a bad decision basis. The accumulated reduced incomes due to electrical Losses can be higher than the initial investment cost for the internal electrical grid.Today, Statkraft Sweden is using a template number when estimating the electrical Losses in a wind farm. The actual Losses are probably lower than the template number which could lead to an unnecessary high loss cost when planning a new wind farm.The aim of this M.Sc.

This thesis is performed in collaboration with Kraftpowercon AB in Surte, Sweden. Focus has been on to identify the powerLosses in one of Kraftpowercons halfbridge DC-DC converters. First theoretical calculations are made, the calculations is verified with measurements of six different operation modes. In a later stage, methods like soft switching and synchronous rectifying are proposed to increase the efficiency for the converter. To achieve softswitching for the halfbridge, the LLC resonant converter topologies are implemented and examined.

To be able to handle tomorrows need for limited energy consumption we need to reduce our use of energy. The building sector stands for around 40 % of all energy consumption in the society. The government has put up a goal to reduce the energy consumption in our buildings with 20 % by year 2020 and 50 % by year 2050 compared with year 1995. To be able to do reach that goal we need a more energy efficient building stock.The main part of the energy used in our buildings is used for space heating. By installing ventilation systems with heat recovery on the exhaust air it is possible to use the heat-energy in the exhaust air to warm up the incoming air.

In this report the balconies? abutments for a property in Bo01-area in Malmö has been studied. The property which is called Vitruvius contains four build-ings where two of them have corbelling balconies with intermittent abutments. With intermittent abutment means that the 50 mm thermal bridge insulation that the balconies is equipped with, is broken regularly by a 300 mm concrete heel. The reinforcement bar that holds the balcony runs through this heel.

The Baltic Sea, due to its special conditions, is a unique and vulnerable marine environment. There are many pressures that have an impact on the sea and one of the major problems is the extensive flow of nutrients from land. The most visible effect of the supply of nutrients is the annual algal blooms. One of the main sources of nitrogen and phosphorus supply is agriculture. Nutrient Losses from arable land have been increasing as agricultural production has intensified. At the end of the twentieth century an increased awareness of these problems led to the formation of organizations such as HELCOM and Baltic 21.

In 2011 the International Accounting Standards Board issued amendments to IAS 19 Employee Benefits. The new standard is effective from January 1st 2013 and one of the largest changes in the standard is the elimination of the corridor method. Through the corridor method companies had the possibility to defer actuarial gains and Losses resulting from their defined benefit obligations (pension obligations) and leave them unrecognized off the balance sheet. According to the new standard companies reporting under International Financial Reporting Standards will have to recognize all actuarial gains and Losses immediately in other comprehensive income. The aim of this thesis is to examine how the financial key ratios of Swedish listed companies will be affected by the elimination of the corridor method.

Background: Living with stroke not only means coping with physical limitations, but a stroke also leads to other Losses, which in various ways may change an individual?s life. A nurse can play a significant role in regards to consequences in the ordinary day of life for patients with stroke. Aim: The aim of this literature study was to describe patients? experiences living with stroke.