Swedish energy policy aims to increase the use of energy from renewable sources and this should be done in a safe, environmentally and sustainable manner. According to the Energy Agency the use bio-fuel increased by 73% between 1990 - 2006. Stands with high share of slash are often located on areas with high productivity which often are located on soils with poor bearing capacity. This will increase traffic on susceptible soil leading to increased ground damage. To reduce the risk of ground damage at slash-forwarding, ground protection is needed.

Large amounts of birch-timber are imported to Sweden, from particularly the Baltic States, since the domestic production can?t support the pulp industry. The goal of this study was to show the potential of birch and the area?s most suitable for birch production. The study was limited to Gävleborg County. Using site characteristics, site index (SI) for birch was estimated on all National Forest Inventory plots in Gävleborg County.

Fire is an important ecological factor, but its consumption of coarse woody debris, CWD, has hardly received any attention. In this study, I investigate the consumption in relation to the time of initial flame exposure and propensity for continued combustion of standing CWD of pine (Pinus sylvestris). Two types of CWD were studied. Firstly, wood that had been dead for one to ten years. Secondly, wood that had been dead for several decades. In the burning experiments, logs of approx.

Today, equine breeding is based on performance and conformation, resulting in a vast variation in fertility among different horses, with noticeable economic losses as a consequence. The horse breeding industry is therefore in need of methods that diagnose the spermatozoa concerning their quality and provide the best sperm for AI. The commonly used selection methods for sperm today are: centrifugation, where extender is added, the sample is centrifuged and then resuspended; swim-up self-migration; adherence separation; and density gradient centrifugation. However, none of these methods are in used routinely in practice before inseminating mares with fresh or cooled semen. The aim of this study was to evaluate a new selection method, Single Layer Centrifugation (SLC), and its effect on sperm viability. The viability was analyzed with regard to membrane integrity and membrane stability of ejaculated spermatozoa.

Calcareous fens constitute a specific habitat which is uncommon in Europe and protected by the EU habitat directive due to its importance to several threatened species. Hagebyhöga in Östergötland is a calcareous fen habitat included in the Natura 2000 Networking Programme. Adjacent to the existing fen, a degraded fen area is situated. The area has been used for agriculture for several years but is now going to be restored to its former state by the county administrative board of Östergötland.When working with restoration of degraded fen areas it is important to aquire knowledge about the chemical soil conditions. Plant growth limited by phosphorus and low fertility are characteristic conditions for calcareous fens, whilst arable land usually is highly fertile and limited by nitrogen.The purpose of this study is to bring forth useful knowledge for restoring the degraded calcareous fen of Hagebyhöga.

Wind power is becoming an increasingly important source of energy. There are several national and international goals set to increase to amount of renewable energy, and in order to meet these goals, the wind power production plays an important part and the establishment of new wind power farms are required. The Swedish national project Riksintresse Vindbruk has appointed areas in Sweden suitable for wind power, mainly when looking at the physical wind conditions of the area. In this study, I aim to define suitable areas for wind power establishment in Norrbottens län. In order to reach this goal, a critical regional method was developed and completed using GIS.

The field of veterinary nursing should be based upon research and proven experience. Few studies have been performed within the area of distal limb bandages. Therefore the aim of this study was to examine and describe how to place a distal fore limb bandage based on proven experience. Data material was collected through four interviews with professional veterinary nurses, and then analyzed using a qualitative content analysis. In the analysis data material was transcribed and then divided into meaningful units that responded to the aim. The meaningful units were then condensed.

Herbivore impact on the Swedish forest has under a long time been a common subject of debate. There are many different opinions depending on what direction the forest owner has with his/her forest. Populations of moose and roe deer have increased significantly in Sweden during the last decades. The purpose of this study is to get a full picture of the herbivore impact on the regeneration areas. The field work was done once a year for seven years (1999?2005).

Det ha?r arbetet ger en orientering i va?xters olika fo?rma?gor att rehabilitera miljo?skador och belyser mo?jligheten att anva?nda va?xternas essentiella och varierande fo?rma?gor i miljo?arbetet. De a?mnen som har skadlig inverkan pa? miljo?n kallas fo?r miljo?gifter. Ba?de globalt och i Sverige har omloppet av ma?nga miljo?gifter o?kat markant de senaste a?rhundradet.

Trycksår är en alltför vanlig komplikation hos äldre och ryggmärgsskadade patienter. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att ta reda på om näringsdrycker kan användas för att förbättra läkningen av trycksår. Metoden var en modifierad version av Axelssons modell för litteraturstudier. Sökning i PubMed, CINAHL och Cochrane Library utfördes och gav tio kvantitativa artiklar. Studierna visade att olika näringsämnen påverkade trycksårsläkningen i olika grad.

To date, the genus Helicobacter consist of 26 different species and even more species are yet to be characterized. Helicobacter has been detected in connection with diseases in the liver and pancreas in humans and animals. Helicobacter spp. are gram negative, curved, S-shaped or spiral shaped bacteria. They are microaerophilic and have flagella that make them motile. Helicobacter, present in the gastric mucosa neutralize the gastric acid through production of urease that hydrolyses urea to ammonia and bicarbonate.

Tungmetallflödet i den urbana miljön kan leda till resursproblem för att återföring avavloppsslam som växtnäring till brukbar jord kan försvåras av tungmetallhalter. Syftet med examensarbetet var att bidra till Käppalaförbundets uppströmsarbete genom att identifiera tungmetallkällor i avloppssystemet. Detta uppnås genom en substansflödesanalys med avseende på metallerna kadmium, koppar, krom, kvicksilver och zink för kommunerna Sigtuna och Solna vilka tillhör Käppalaförbundets upptagningsområde. Verktyget som därvidlag utvecklas identifierar tungmetallkällor, storleken av utsläppen och ger information om var åtgärdsinsatser är effektivt.För verktygsutvecklingen definierades det studerade systemet till fem områden: hushåll, verksamhetsutövare, dagvatten, tillskottsvatten och övrigt. Tungmetallkällor identifierades och grupperades till ett av de fem delområdena.

Examensarbetet har genomförts vid Industriellt miljöskydd, institutionen för Kemiteknik, vidKTH i samarbete med Assa Industri AB. Målet med projektet var att studera processinternaåtgärder vilka Assa Industri AB skulle kunna tillämpa på sin dekorativa ytbehandlingsline för attreducera sköljvattenförbrukningen samt utsläppen av koppar, nickel och zink.Den i examensarbetet genomförda litteraturstudien ger en bild av ytbehandlingsindustrin av idagsamt vilka olika enhetsoperationer som döljer sig under samlingsbegreppet ytbehandling.Vidare visar litteraturstudien att både jonbyte, indunstning, omvänd osmos och elektrolytiskvattenrening skulle kunna tillämpas för att minska vattenförbrukningen och utsläppen av metalleri ytbehandlingsindustrin. Dock avråds från tillämpning av de två senare i Assa Industris specifikafall på grund av den uppmätta metallhalten i sköljvattnet. Halten är för låg för en ekonomisktförsvarbar tillämpning av elektrolys och för hög för en ekonomiskt försvarbar tillämpning avomvänd osmos. Däremot skulle omvänd osmos kunna vara en lämplig metod för att höjakvalitén på ingående vatten.

Printed and painted wallpaper on a weaved fabric backing was a common way to decorate homes in Sweden during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Not much is written about the craftsmanship in relation to the hanging of these wallpapers and even less about the conservation of the objects. Even so, many wall segments remain in situ and in museums and are more often than not in dire need of conservation such as deacidification and consolidation. These are composite objects, consisting of cellulose materials with different properties along with adhesives and paints. Analysis of the materials is required to ensure safe handling and choice of conservation materials, and to establish a treatment plan which will be executed in several steps. This thesis aims to identify these steps and develop a method for conserving the wall segments with suitable materials, preferably without altering the source material to any significant degree.

On commission of the County administrative board in Värmland County a method was developed for analysis of the occurrence of artificial land use at lakes and watercourses. With artificial land use is meant land significantly affected by man. Two bases have been used to carry out the analysis. In one of the analysis the vegetation database and in the other GSD¹-Marktäckedata (land cover data) was used (this method has been used by County administrative board in Jönköping County).The analysis comprises all watercourses within Alsterälven river basin. The digital water bodies are created by the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute on the basis of GSD-Översiktskartan (general map).