The cell cycle is the time a cell spends between two cell divisions. The cell cycle includes several parallel processes, all of which must be completed before a cell is mature for dividing. In the first place, all subcomponents (RNA, protein and membrane lipids) need to double in quantity and this occurs continuously through the cell cycle. Furthermore, the genome and some chromosomal proteins must double and this take place during a limited interval in the middle of the cell cycle (S-phase). On either side of the S-phase are two "gaps" which is called G1 and G2. When the cell has passed a point in the G-phase they are irreversibly programmed to progress through the remaining of the cell cycle and will undergo the next cell division. When a cell have passed a point in the G1 phase, approximately four hours after mitosis, a normal cell is in a state of indecision.

Breast cancer is the most common tumor disease among women in Sweden. About 7000persons, having a median age of 65, are diagnosed each year with this disease. Withmammography screening, breast cancer can be detected in an early stage which improves theoverall survival (OS). 20-30 % of the breast cancer tumors are overexpressing humanepidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), which is a protein that stimulates cell proliferation.Trastuzumab (Herceptin®) is a humanised monoclonal antibody that targets the HER2-proteinand prevent the signals for cell proliferation.Trastuzumab has earlier been used for treatment of metastatic breast cancer. In the year of 2007trastuzumab was approved for adjuvant treatment of patients who has been medicated withsurgery and/or radiation.The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of adjuvant treatment with trastuzumab inHER2-positive breast cancer patients.

Trots mångåriga ansträngningar och även om relativt många hundar röntgas i Sverige idag, så orsakar armbågsleds- och höftledsdysplasi fortfarande stora problem inom många hundraser, t ex labrador retriever. Armbågsledsdysplasi (AD) och höftledsdysplasi (HD) klassificeras som utvecklingsrubbningar. Armbågsledsdysplasi (AD) är ett samlingsbegrepp för sådana förändringar i leden som redan hos den unga individen kan leda till osteoartros (OA). Armbågsledsartros innebär en onormal förslitning av ledbrosket i armbågsleden vilket ger upphov till benpålagringar. Olika typer av tillväxtrubbningar i och runt leden är orsak till förslitningen av ledbrosket och de senare uppkomna pålagringarna.

ABSTRACTBackground Calprotectin is a protein found in the cytoplasm of neutrophile granulocytes. In the course of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), calprotectin is released during chronic inflammation in the gut. Activation of neutrophils during the inflammation is followed by activation and secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules such as calprotectin. Calprotectin is stable in stool up to 7 days and can therefore be used as a non-invasive marker for diagnosis, treatment and measurement of the disease activity in patients with IBD. The most common method for analysis of calprotectin concentration is ELISA.

Hemagglutinin är ett transmembranprotein som finns i membranet hos influensaviruset. Detta protein avgör virusets infektiösa förmåga. För att förstå influensaviruset bättre och kunna hitta nya detektionsmetoder för aktiva influensavirus krävs en första framrening av proteinet. Målet med denna studie är därför att överlämna ett protokoll till beställaren med fullständig process på hur hemagglutinin kan renas fram från aktiva virus.Resultatet har erhållits genom en omfattande litteraturstudie där information har samlats från skriftliga och elektroniska källor, samt via intervjuer med sakkunniga forskare.Processen att rena fram hemagglutinin börjar med kultivering av virus i cellinjen MDCK följt av virusisolering med hjälp av centrifugering. Virusmembranet löses sedan upp och det membranbundna hemagglutininet solubiliseras.

NorFor is a cooperative project between the consulting organisations owned by the farmers in the Nordic countries ? Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Iceland. The project started in 2001 and the outcome, the system for ration calculation NorFor Plan and the model for evaluating the ration NorFor Evaluation, was completed in 2006. Along with NorFor Plan economical optimization are available and according to literature, the optimization will generate a 2 öre lower feed cost per kg milk, and thereby improve the profit for the farmer. The use of NorFor Plan in Sweden for feed optimization during spring 2008 has been very small. In this study eight herds in the middle of Sweden fed half the herd according to the classical system used in Sweden and the other half according to NorFor Plan system.

Bovine milk is an excellent source of bioactive peptides. The bioactive peptides are in an inactive state in the protein and are released during enzymatic activity, e.g. during cheese ripening. Specific properties of bioactive peptides from ripened cheese has been reported, e.g. antihypertensive, antioxidative, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory and mineral binding.

Glycerol is essential for the lipid metabolism of both plants and animals. Glycerol is formed in the rumen by hydrolysis of lipids from the feed. Glycerol is also a by-product from the production of biodiesel from rapeseed oil and other fat sources. Glycerol might be used as a dietary glucose precursor for dairy cows in similar ways as propylene glycol. Due to increased production of biodiesel more glycerol has been available to a lower price.

There are several reasons why organic chicken production is scarce in Sweden. Lack of slow growing (SG) strains combined with higher production costs, lower meat-yield and uncertainty of consumers? willingness to pay seems to be the main reasons. EU-legislations imply use of indigenous slow- or medium growing strains in organic production, nevertheless, fast growing (FG) broilers are often used due to their effectiveness. Increased consumption of processed food creates a market for conventionally rearing of very heavy broilers.

Ungdomar befinner sig i en identitetsskapande process och lämnar barndomen med intryck, värderingar och vanor som sannolikt kommer att påverka dem även i vuxenlivet. De rör sig simultant mellan olika kulturer så som hemmet, skolan, vännerna, media samt andra fritidsrö-relser. Dessa arenor är alla ? kulturella kommunikatörer? som signalerar mängder av budskap och normer om mat och hälsa. Genom att studera vad ungdomarna själva uppfattar som nor-mer och budskap kan det hjälpa kostundervisare att förhålla sig till dessa.

Bakgrund: Vi äter allt mer kött. Tidigare forskning har visat på samband mellan högt köttintag och bland annat hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar och cancer. Information om skyddsfaktorer som minskar risken för folksjukdom är begränsad. Forskning om hälsa och sjukdom hos kvinnor är begränsad och därför behövs kvinnors hälsa lyftas fram. Syfte: Litteraturstudiens syfte var att undersöka huruvida ett högt köttintag kan påverka risken för folksjukdomar hos kvinnor.

Strävan att tappa i vikt för att öka prestationsförmågan har blivit allt mer populärt hos elit- som motionscyklister. Genom att cykla med ett lågt energiintag i syfte att tappa kilon, har pressen ökat på cyklisten och en hög risk för osund viktproblematik växer fram i idrotten. Ofta skapar de sig en så hög kontroll och perfektionism inom de faktorer som har påverkan på deras prestationsförmåga att det istället kan leda till psykologiska svårigheter. En medveten livsstil leder till motsatt effekt. Syftet med studien är att undersöka en grupp damcyklisters energi- och vätskeintag under perioden då de inte tävlar.

The objective of this study was to investigate the attitude towards African swine fever (ASF) primarily among smallholder pig farmers but also among other actors along the pork value chain in Gulu district, Uganda. More specifically, the study aimed to investigate the specific challenges facing both farmers and other members of the pork value chain using participatory epidemiology (PE). ASF is a feared viral disease of pigs associated with high mortality, which is endemic in many parts of Africa. The recent history of Gulu district in Northern Uganda can be described as turbulent and the human population has suffered during decades of war and civil unrest. Pig keeping is considered a potential opportunity for business as well as a way of providing more animal protein in the diet. However, this is threatened by ASF as farmers can lose entire herds due to the disease. This study can confirm some previously known factors and risk activities such as the free range system of pigs and movement of pigs and pork during ongoing outbreaks, which make disease control difficult.

The idea behind this project came from a feed study executed two years during the lambing season. Both years wool loss was experienced. Low temperature in combination with shearing was believed to cause the wool loss the first year, while protein deficiency was believed to be the cause the second year. In the literature many causes of wool loss are described; mechanical wear, telogen effluvium, bacterial dermatitis, external parasites, wool break, scrapie, genetic causes and nutritional deficiencies are some examples. The aim of this thesis was to study causes for wool loss and how common wool loss is in Swedish sheep herds.

Bakgrund: Trycksår är vanligt förekommande inom vården. En koppling har gjorts mellan försämrad nutritionsstatus och ökad risk för trycksår. Ett sätt att påverka näringsstatusen kan vara att ge näringstillskott och genom detta indirekt påverka läkningen av trycksår, detta omvårdnadsansvar ligger hos sjuksköterskan. Ett problem kan dock vara att kunskapen hos sjuksköterskor gällande näringstillskott kan variera. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva näringstillskotts effekt på läkningen av trycksår.