Nanofiltration is a proper way of preparation of drinking Water. The process has a lot in common with reverse osmosis where a semipermeable membrane is used to separate a pure Water flow from the remaining Water. A pilot plant was used to ensure that nanofiltration is a suitable technology for a specific Waterworks station in Glemmingebro, Ystad. The purpose was also to find out if a pH-adjustment is needed for feed Water in a possible full scale plant.  In this case nanofiltration is used mainly to remove sulphate and calcium since the raw Water contains concentrations of these substances which exceed the limits for potable Water. It is important to receive a high recovery (RC), otherwise the deliviery of Water won?t be high enough.

Digital depth-to-Water maps can be produced from a digital elevation model (DEM). Then GIS- based algorithms are used to calculate Water flows and the depth-to-Water index classes dry, fresh, moist and wet. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility to use depth- to-Water maps for site adapted planting.The results showed that use of depth-to-Water maps for site adapted planting, roughly halved the proportion of improperly planted surfaces from an average of 9 % to 4 %. The variation in the values of proper surface decreased and the result became more even.. In addition, more pine than spruce was incorrectly planted.

The purpose of this master thesis was to study the Water system for mechanically cleaned Water at Skärblacka mill, in order to find and evaluate possibilities of using energy more efficiently. The thesis also includes an evaluation of the software tool ?Pumpanalys?Skärblacka mill produces pulp and paper. The large amount of Water required is cleaned mechanically through filters and called mechanically cleaned Water (MR0). The MR0 Water is pumped out to the factory by four crude Water pumps.

This paper is intended to provide a picture of which associations Water can wake in the human mind from the perspectives of garden history as well as from that of environmental psychology. I hope to paint a fairly broad picture of our perception of Water that can serve as a basis for discussion and as a starting point for different forms of design work in landscape architecture. The historical perspective emphasizes the importance of Water as a condition for the emergence of gardens and in a wider perspective the importance of Water in early cultures. Also, I describe a picture of how Water has been used throughout the history of gardens from early Egypt to the baroque era. The garden history analyzed from an art historical perspective gives a picture of human associations to Water, and the history behind these associations is presented. As a compliment to the art history approach, I have chosen to highlight our associations with Water from the perspectives of environmental psychology and evolutionary science.

Considering Water quality, landuse and reducion of wetland area in the Watershed of Tidan, areas witch are in need of constructions to improve the Water quality are identified. Constructions are suggested to be located within the smaller streams in the Watershed, so that the Water is treated before it reaches the stream Tidan..

Water logistics has long been a problem in order to effectively carry out stump treatment in both thinning and final felling. It is important that the stump treatment? equipment is configured as well as a sufficient amount of Water is carried out on the harvester to get a cost? effective treatment. The flow control of the equipment has improved and Water can be dispensed more efficient, but still the amount of Water on the machine is a crucial factor in the total cost estimate. The knowledge of the tools available to bring Water as well as the internal logistics of loading and transport to the felling site is deficient. Increased focus on "smart" solutions to manage Water cost is of great importance in order to combat Hetrobasidion spp in both thinning and final felling. The purpose of the study is to describe and summarize different solutions of Water logistics at stump treatment in final felling.

Considering Water quality, landuse and reducion of wetland area in the Watershed of Tidan, areas witch are in need of constructions to improve the Water quality are identified. Constructions are suggested to be located within the smaller streams in the Watershed, so that the Water is treated before it reaches the stream Tidan..

Storm Water causes a number of problems in our country, particularly in city environment with its surfaces of non-absorbing ground materials. At heavy rain falls there are floods due to lack of capacity in the drain system when meeting heavy Water masses over a short time. When the drain system is overloaded huge Water masses reach the recipient untreated and there causing disturbances in the aquatic ecosystem. Due to emissions from mainly traffic, industries and other human activities the storm Water is polluted. Earlier the problem used to be solved technically, by increasing the capacity of the tubes and by construction of reservoirs to delay the floods peaks.

Water is an essential factor for both people and animals, and access to Water is therefore of great importance. The Water access also largely determines the availability of food for people and feed for animals. The aim of this study was to survey the affect of Water access on milk production from dairy animals. The study included nineteen farm visits that were made in the Nyando district in Kenya between February and Mars 2011. Farm visits included interviews with questions about for example number of dairy animals, milk production, Water access, feed and Water routines.

Nanofiltration is a proper way of preparation of drinking Water. The process has a lot in common with reverse osmosis where a semipermeable membrane is used to separate a pure Water flow from the remaining Water. A pilot plant was used to ensure that nanofiltration is a suitable technology for a specific Waterworks station in Glemmingebro, Ystad. The purpose was also to find out if a pH-adjustment is needed for feed Water in a possible full scale plant.  In this case nanofiltration is used mainly to remove sulphate and calcium since the raw Water contains concentrations of these substances which exceed the limits for potable Water. It is important to receive a high recovery (RC), otherwise the deliviery of Water won?t be high enough.

1.1 billion people are today living without sustainable access to improved Water. The debate over the Water sector has been dominated by the discussion over whether public or private actors are the most competent to manage it. In this paper the arguments pro and contra the two positions are presented to try to overview the debate and to try to find new ways to approach the question of the people living without clean Water. By examining possible alternatives towards the discussion of public and private actors, it might result in some new approaches on how to move closer towards a solution. One alternative is local, small- scale projects which focus on the situation of the targetgroup in most need.

Risk-based sampling program of microorganisms in the Water source in northern SwedenAfter several disease outbreaks caused by parasites in the drinking Water during the last years, it is more essential than ever to insure that the Water supply companies have enough barriers to counteract the presence of microorganisms in the outgoing Water. It is also discussed whether climate changes such as increased precipitation can have a connection to the increased cases of parasites in Water sources. The Water source at Gäddvik is Luleå municipality?s largest and provides drinking Water to 64 500 of Luleå?s 74 000 inhabitants. The investigation of microorganisms in the Water source, especially in the Lule River has not been as prioritized as the sampling of chemical parameters.

The filters used today to purify Water are often expensive and the need to find new filter materials is substantial. Studies of pine bark have shown that this is a material that may be used as an alternative to conventional filter materials, such as activated carbon. However, the study of pine bark has shown that a leakage of phenolic compounds may occur when using the material for Water purification. Therefore, the purpose of this report is to investigate the release of phenols from pine bark, in order to evaluate the use of pine bark as a filter material. Another assignment is to investigate the amount of metals adsorbed by the filter material.

In most countries, the dairy industry focuses on the volume of milk produced instead of its composition. This results in a high content of Water and a lower proportion of fat and protein. A high proportion of Water is not desirable when processing the milk into various dairy products like cheese, cream and milk powder. High Water content also increases the costs for transport and storage, and also an unnecessary, albeit marginal, strains on the world?s Water reservoir.

The thick-shelled river mussel (Unio crassus) is a red listed species classified as Endangered (EN) and is also considered within the Habitats Directive. The distribution in Sweden is fragmented and it is mostly occurring in the south eastern parts. We investigated the presence of Unio crassus in a section of the stream Storån, Östergötland County, from Falerum to the inflow into Lake Åkervristen. The environmental parameters investigated were Water depth, bottom substrate, shading, Water velocity and the slope over the Water surface. In this thesis I have focused mainly on Water depth and shading, comparing sites with and without mussels.