Vaccination of fish can be assumed to cause pain. This study was designed to see if we can minimize the suffering of fish following vaccination. Fishes are cold-blooded animals and thus more primitive than warm-blooded animals. Despite this, many organs, e.g. the nervous system, have the same basic structure as that of other vertebrates. The fibre system for conducting pain is more diffuse than in humans.

We live in an exciting society, characterized by continuous changes and challenges. The effects of the globalization are widespread. The continuous flow of people, capital and goods follows in the wake of advances in communications, transport and information technology, resulting in a changed situation for different stakeholders in the society. This situation leads to increased cooperation and exchange, but also increased competition. The primary means of collecting empirical data for this study was interviews and a document study.

Papillomvirus är ett cirkulärt naket dubbelsträngat DNA-virus som kan orsaka benigna eller maligna transformationer i epitel på de allra flesta djur. Olika djurslag har olika artspecifika papillomvirus. Viruset sprids via direkt- eller indirekt kontakt. Hos människa finns över 100 olika typer av humant papillomvirus (HPV) som har olika predilektionsställen på kroppen. Cirka 40 av dem angriper anogenitala områden där vissa kan ge upphov till könsvårtor medan andra ger cellförändringar som senare kan utvecklas till cancer. Hos kvinnor är slemhinnan i cervix känslig för onkogena HPV och cellförändringar där kan leda till cervixcancer (CC).

ABSTRACT. Mastitis is one of the most common diseases affecting dairy cows worldwide. In Sweden annu-ally about 60% of the dairy cows get infected and Staphylococcus aureus cause approximately 30% of these infections. Mastitis causes enormous economic losses. In Sweden, the costs to cure mastitis are estimated to be 192 million SEK per year, excluding the costs for mastitis prevention.