the most obvious problem at Traction today is the in-between handling that demands much time and resources. The reason is that the packages are not designed with handling in mind. Several of the packages of today also have a poor degree of utilization that means there is room for a fewer number of articles. That in turn means more packages, more transports, more storage space and more staff. On the basis of a specification of demands ? which take quality and environmental influence, as well as transport, handling and economy in account ? we have developed suggestions on new packages that will facilitate handling and lower the total costs, The time of handling will in some cases abbreviate to just a few seconds with the new packages.

Pressure ulcers cause a lot of patients unnecessary suffering. This suffering could be decreased through improved knowledge about prevention, so that pressure ulcer will not appear. The purpose with this review was to study how nurses assess risk and prevent pressure ulcer, and to study how nurses use available knowledge. The method consisted of searches in databases and searching trough references. Our result is based on ten articles, qualitative, quantitative and reviews.

The investigation was initiated because of the high workload of the sellers and, additionally, because the Tunadal sawmill has received low ratings in customer surveys. Thus,  two main approaches are adopted here,  the first being to investigate which of the three methods  of working, namely, market divided flow organization, function organizationand flow organization with collaboration, proves to be the most beneficial. The second is to investigate whether there is an available method to ease the daily work. A literature review has been made in order to determine more efficient ways for the sellers to work in the Tunadal sawmill. During the investigation, an in-depth investigation into the total quality management using a balanced scorecard as a management tool was conducted.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) are common in individuals with computer based work. Thecurrently known risk factors for these disorders is in the literature derived to physical,organizational and individual factors. A recent survey of three working groups at a companyin Stockholm explored that more than 50% of the employees had neck and shoulder problems.Aim: The study aims to create a better understanding for the current musculoskeletalproblems at the company. Such an understanding is created by examining the physical,organizational and individual risk factors in the workplace and the result can provide a goodbasis for intervention proposals.Method: In order to answer the aim of the study the authors chosed to use both qualitativeand quantitative methods of data collection through interviews and questionnaire survey. Theinterview and questionnaire was designed to create both a specific and comprehensive pictureof the physical, organizational and individual risk factors having a bearing effect on theexisting MSD problem.Result: Seven categories were compiled from interviews, which largely deals with the factthat high demands can lead to behaviors that may pose a significant risk for the occurrence ofMSD.

Tidigare forskning har visat på hög förekomst av muskelbesvär och bristande hälsa och välbefinnande hos tandvårdspersonal i offentlig sektor. Föreliggande studie syftade till att undersöka om en organisatorisk intervention i form av arbetstidsförkortning och viss fysisk aktivitet kunde främja olika aspekter av hälsa och välbefinnande hos tandvårdspersonal inom Folktandvården. Interventionen sträckte sig över ett år och totalt medverkade 154 kvinnliga tandläkare och tandsköterskor i studien. Resultaten visade på minskad total arbetsbelastning samt lägre förekomst av muskelbesvär. Dock kunde resultaten inte kopplas till interventionen då utvecklingen var likartad i såväl interventions- som kontrollgrupp.

Obesity is a growing problem worldwide among children and adolescents. Previous research has shown that food habits and weight in order children with high and low risk of developing obesity (based on parental BMI) differs between the two groups. It has also been shown that the mother affects the child´s food habits and weight..

The purpose of this thesis is to gain understanding of how companies proactively can manage their reputation. The thesis analyzes three multinational companies in Sweden and uses two theoretical approaches - the reputation risk view and the reputation strengthening view - to gain an overall perspective of how companies work with their reputation. It focuses on investigating which key areas of reputation risk the focal companies identify and how they manage the reputation risks within these areas. Moreover, it examines which stakeholders the companies believe are most critical from a reputation point of view and in what ways the companies work with strengthening their reputation among those stakeholders. In order to find a general approach, the thesis investigates the similarities and differences that exist between the respective companies in the study.

This thesis aims to evaluate the concept of Uncovered Interest Parity. The parity states that the logarithmic difference between domestic and foreign interest rate equals the logarithmic difference between expected future spot exchange rate and the spot exchange rate, . In defining the exchange rate it is often presumed that the parity relation prevails even though several studies suggest the opposite. Numerous economists maintain that the theory?s shortcomings can be explained through the existence of a Risk Premium.

This degree project handles acoustic measurements of the heat pump EcoAir 107, made by Enertech CTC AB. The sound from the three sound sources of the heat pump, fan, compressor and four way valve, have been measured to find out how they affect the total sound level of the product.Measures to attenuate the sound level have been developed and tested. By comparing these with the sound of the heat pump, in its original state, we have found out the measures which have best effects.The best attenuating measures came to be: taped openings and holes around the compressor space, isolating the top and the bottom of the whole construction, support of the fan bottom part and shielding of the sound source with a screen at a distance of 110 mmThese measures have been tested together and an average attenuation of the total sound level with 3,9 dB have been accomplished. In the front of the fan where the continuous sound is the strongest, the attenuation was 4,7 dB.This project is meant to be used as a guide by Enertech CTC AB:s during their future developing process..

At Rottneros pulp mill mechanical pulp is bleached with hydrogen peroxide. The changes of bleaching chemicals that are used for different grades are taken from bleaching tables; however these tables are old and need to be updated. The purpose of this thesis was to be the basis of new documentation.In this thesis three pulps where studied with the aim to find the optimal bleaching chemical changes (total NaOH/VP-quote) for each pulp. The pulps were taken from the filter before the bleaching tower and the pulps were bleached in the lab. The most important pulp property in this study was the brightness and how that was influenced by the chemical dosages.

The fungus Gremmeniella abietina causes damage to conifers that can lead to tree death. In 1999 and 2001 the pathogen caused severe attacks in Sweden, where about 500 000 ha of pine forest were affected. Trees of all ages were attacked, but mainly forests between 30-60 years that were ready for their first commercial thinning. After recommendations from the forest agency, sanitary fellings were made to trees that had more needle loss than 85%, a total of about 50 000 ha. Economic losses have been estimated to more than one billion SEK.

The purpose of the thesis has been to explore the use of hedge fund styles when constructing portfolios of hedge funds (i.e. funds of hedge funds). The central question is if the use of hedge fund styles can significantly explain and improve risk adjusted returns (characterized by Sharpe ratios). The study has been done in collaboration with Optimized Portfolio Management AB who desire further knowledge and evaluation of hedge fund styles for their fund of hedge funds.To be able to create successful ex ante portfolios we have explored various prediction models for both risk and return. Our findings indicate that return prediction is problematic using simple models such as regression since the risk exposure of the indices appear to change significantly over time.

Evaluating and choosing suppliers based on price alone, has traditionally been the dominant strategy for supplier selection within the purchasing function. With the origin of the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)-concept in the early 1990s, a new philosophy dawned that promoted the importance of knowing the effects of supplier performance on the buying firm?s internal costs. Since then, scholars have been arguing the case of TCO as a viable model for making purchasing decisions and conducting supplier evaluation. Still, after two decades little is known about its penetration and impact on the practices of buying corporations, leaving the questions of which costs are included in the purchasing organisations? decisions unanswered, and even more importantly why certain costs are considered and others not.

SyfteSyftet med studien har varit att ta reda på hur ungdomars drogvanor när det gällercannabisanvändning ser ut, och ställa detta mot risk- och skyddsfaktorer som kan finnas i skolmiljön samt inom familjen för att utröna om det finns några samband mellan cannabisanvändning och ovan nämnda faktorer. Frågeställningarna är: Hur ser cannabis- användandet ut i förhållande till kön, årskurs och stadsdelsområde i Göteborg år 2010? Vilka samband kan vi se när det gäller cannabisanvändning i relation till de risk- och skyddsfaktorer kring skola (skolk, trivsel, betyg) och familj (positiv uppskattning, gränssättning, föräldra- relation), som vi kan finna i materialet?UrvalUrvalet grundar sig på enkätsvar från 7 602 elever i årskurs 9 och gymnasiets år 2 i Göteborgsstad.MetodUndersökningen som ligger till grund för studien är gjord av Göteborgs stad och baseras på en omfattande enkät innehållande 76 frågor kring alkohol, narkotika, tobak och spel, där vi förvår studie har plockat ut svaren som berör narkotika och cannabis. Studien är av kvantitativ art och har bearbetats i statistikprogrammet SPSS. Resultatet har analyserats med hjälp av det utvecklingsekologiska perspektivet, teorin om sociala band samt utifrån ett risk- och skyddsperspektiv.ResultatVår studie visar att det finns samband mellan ett cannabisbruk och de risk- och skyddsfaktorersom rör skolan och familjen.

Forest as an investment alternative has become more and more popular over the last few years. Between the years 2004 and 2007 increased the price level on forest land with 70 percent in Jämtland. In this thesis a comparison has been conducted between forest in Jämtland and an investment in the stock market. The risk in the two investment alternatives has been included in the comparison. The thesis includes two different studies between the two alternatives.