The Swedish model for developing the national infrastructure is based on increasing the cooperation between municipalities, government and businesses. The method to establish the infrastructure in Sweden is the geodatastrategin. The effort to implement the geodatastrategin has resulted in an interaction model, Geodatasamverkan. The purpose of this study is to alert municipalities and to investigate the usefulness of their participation in Geodatasamverkan. The study also presents examples of different applications where geodata can be used within a municipality. The report is based on literature reviews, surveys and interviews. Online Surveys were sent to some of Sweden's municipalities to get an overall idea of ??how they make use of geodata and their general attitude towards Geodatasamverkan.

This project investigated how elevation and vegetation type influences variation in plant litter phenolic content and protein precipitation capacity among and within common plant species for two different vegetation types, heath and meadow, in a subarctic ecosystem in the Abisko region of northern Sweden. As nutrient availability generally decreases with increasing elevation as a result of decreasing temperature, I hypothesised that phenolic content would increase with elevation and be higher on the heath than the meadow. To test this, the total phenolic content and protein precipitation capacity was estimated in leaf litter from 13 species in both heath and meadow vegetation across an elevational gradient ranging from 500 to 1000 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l.) in the study region. The results showed that elevation and vegetation type both had a strong impact on both variables. Total phenolic concentrations decreased with elevation for the meadow, and were greater for the heath than the meadow.

Att investera rätt är en fråga som bekymrat de flesta någon gång i livet. När, var och hur ska det investeraras för att skapa god avkastningen på det satsade kapitalet? Sedan 80-talet har svenskens placeringar och aktivitet på aktiemarknaden vuxit explosionsartat. 1980 hade svenskarna 27,3 miljarder kronor sparande i aktier vilket har ökat till 686 miljarder 2008, ett gott tecken på den ökade aktiviteten på aktiemarknaden.Utöver den privata finansiella rådgivning bankerna erbjuder kan den privata investeraren ta del av aktieanalyser och rekommendationer. Många av dessa når allmänheten genom bland annat tidningar och internet som köp- och säljrekommendationer av aktier.

The purpose of this essay is to evaluate stock index bonds return to risk ratio in order to investigate to which degree an investor in a stock index bond take part of the underlying index return and what the investor must pay for the security of not losing his funds. In order to carry out this evaluation an average return per year and the Sharpe ratio will be calculated and a mean- standard deviation analysis will be made. All investigated stock index bonds are based on a Swedish underlying asset.The results show that the stock index bonds haven?t generated a higher risk adjusted return than its underlying asset. The stock index bonds took part of 57 % of the underlying assets return, and the loss of 10 percentage points per year for the stock index bonds compared to its underlying asset can be seen as the cost for the guarantee a stock index bond gives..

This paper aims to investigate abnormal returns for rivals to bidder targets in connection with the announcement of the bid. The study is based on 38 bids placed between September 2006 - January 2011 and 137 rival firms listed on Nasdaq OMX Nordic. We measure cumulative abnormal returns, CAR, for rival firms through an event study. We find that rival firms earn significant positive CAR in connection with the announcement of the bid. This is in line with the two-sided signaling effect presented by Akhigbe et al.

If Swedish companies are to compete with companies in low-cost countries they have to achieve a more efficient production. The purpose of Total Productivity Maintenance (TPM) is to increase the company's profitability by increasing the productivity. TPM is a method that involves all employees and aims to prevent failures in order to increase the availability of existing equipment.The aim of this paper is to evaluate the implementation process of TPM and give recommendations for the further implementation process. The conclusion and the analysis are based on a case study done at a production department at ABB Cewe-Controls facilities in Nyköping. The case study consists mainly of qualitative data from participation observations, surveys and interviews.Commitment of the management is a key factor in the implementation process of TPM.

A Monte Carlo simulation of the ELECTRA reactor using (U,Zr)N fuel and a liquid lithium coolant is performed using the Serpent simulation code. The results show a reactor with a total reactivity coefficient of the coolant, fuel and material expansion that is strongly negative. These properties make the ELECTRA reactor a good candidate for a safe space reactor that could be used for propulsion of manned and unmanned space vehicles to Mars and other parts of our solar system..

Bakgrund: Den rådande finanskrisen har under sitt förlopp utsatt hela det finansiellasystemet för stora prövningar. Detta har drabbat hedgefonder hårt, bland annat genomförändringar på marknaden men även genom den ovanligt höga volatiliteten vilkenskapat problem för förvaltarna. Hedgefonder har varit omtalade i finansiella medierdå deras prestationer varierat. Flertalet hedgefonder har som mål att oavsettkonjunktur kunna prestera absolut avkastning, vilket den senaste tiden har ifrågasattspå grund av de varierande prestationerna under den rådande krisen.Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att kartlägga och analysera svenska hedgefondersutveckling under den finansiella krisen samt krisens påverkan på fonderna. Utöver definansiella riskerna kommer uppsatsen även identifiera och analysera den externaoperativa riskens påverkan på hedgefonders resultat under finanskrisen.Genomförande: För att kunna besvara syftet med uppsatsen samt dess frågeställningarhar en multimetod används, vilket innebär att vi har kombinerat kvantitativoch kvalitativ metod.

This final thesis is performed on commission of Torsby forestry administration, Stora Enso Skog. Stora Enso Skog is one of the major forestry companies of Sweden. The main business area is located in and around the region of Bergslagen. During the last decade the practice of forest management has rapidly changed due to a new forest legislation. The new law has resulted in that the production goal is equal to the environmental goal within forestry.

AbstractObjectivePatients with Parkinson?s disease often have symptoms of dysphagia. These swallowingproblems have consequences for quality of life as well for the physical wellbeing of thepatients. AimThe aim of this study was to describe and correlate Swallowing Quality of Life (SWAL-QOL)scores, self-assessment of swallowing function using a visual analogue scale and the resultsfrom a fiber endoscopic evaluation of swallowing function in patients who had been selectedfor Deep Brain Stimulation in caudal zona incerta. A secondary aim was to correlate diseaseduration with results from SWAL-QOL and the fiber endoscopic evaluation of swallowingfunction.MethodTen male Parkinson?s patients (age 45-69 yrs, median 61.5 yrs) who were selected for DeepBrain Stimulation completing the Swallowing Quality of life form, as well as rating theirswallowing function using a visual analogue scale and undergoing a fiber endoscopicevaluation of their swallowing function.    ResultsThe median total SWAL-QOL score was 94% while the mean was 91%.

This project investigated how elevation and vegetation type influences variation in plant litter phenolic content and protein precipitation capacity among and within common plant species for two different vegetation types, heath and meadow, in a subarctic ecosystem in the Abisko region of northern Sweden. As nutrient availability generally decreases with increasing elevation as a result of decreasing temperature, I hypothesised that phenolic content would increase with elevation and be higher on the heath than the meadow. To test this, the total phenolic content and protein precipitation capacity was estimated in leaf litter from 13 species in both heath and meadow vegetation across an elevational gradient ranging from 500 to 1000 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l.) in the study region. The results showed that elevation and vegetation type both had a strong impact on both variables. Total phenolic concentrations decreased with elevation for the meadow, and were greater for the heath than the meadow.

Förvärv kan göras utifrån en rad olika motiv, där möjligheten till ökad lönsamhet genom synergieffekter är ett av de vanligaste. Synergieffekter ger fördelar, vilka genererar större kassaflöden och således högre avkastning för företagets ägare. Medan budgivande bolag främst handlar utifrån incitament såsom möjlighet till ökad konkurrenskraft, marknadsandel och lönsamhet, attraheras målbolagets aktieägare snarare av budpremien. Detta eftersom de oftast erhåller en premie på mellan 15 till 50 procent utöver bolagets aktuella marknadsvärde. Empiriska undersökningar som gjorts kring uppköpssituationer i fastighetsbranschen, inklusive denna, visar att uppköp i regel gynnar det uppköpta företagets aktieägare på bekostnad av aktieägarna i det förvärvande bolaget.

When implementing syncronous filters with global clock nets, a substantial amount of energy is consumed in the clock net. Hence, it is interesting to reduce the size of the clock net, which in turn will reduce the total energy consumption. One way to acheive this, is to create a SIC (Structured Interfacing of Computational elements) since such a structure can be created without a global clock net. Our results show that a fifth order wavedigital filter with a sample rate of at least 10M samples/sec may be achieved.

En kooperativ förening innebär att medlemmarna handlar med, äger och styr föreningen. Ägandet består i huvudsak av att medlemmarna har grundinsatser, men de kan också investera och handla med frivilliga insatser. Det finns olika möjligheter till frivilliga insatser, framförallt emissionsinsatser och förlagsinsatser. Via emissionsinsatser förs kapital över från föreningens balanserade vinstmedel till medlemmens individuella konto. Detta kapital blir grund för kommande års avkastning.

Lipider är en viktig energikälla och olösliga i vatten. De transporteras med hjälp av lipoproteiner ut till kroppens celler. Exempel på lipoproteiner är low density lipoproteins (LDL) och high density lipoproteins (HDL). LDL och HDL kan delas in i sju respektive tio subklasser beroende på storlek. Det har visat sig att en stor andel små LDL-partiklar i blodet ökar risken för hjärt- och kärlsjukdom.